Rationality in Humans Essay - 793 Words

Contradiction is the nature of the society. If there is a religion, there will be those who do not believe. If there is a war, there will be those that want peace. If there is a political movement, there will be those that disagree. Humans are bound to go against their own believes, their own strategies, and their own establishments. Nothing is forever. History portrays people going against the accepted ideologies. It shows the everlasting change of the society. First, they thought that God was the explanation to everything. A century later, they started doubting the Bible. The period of Enlightenment embraced rationality. People believed that they could explain anything, either through science or through religion. They believed in the†¦show more content†¦European democracy...release of laziness, of weariness, of weakness, stated Nietzsche in his The Will of Power. Universal male suffrage was created to ensure that everyone has an opportunity of political representation. N ietzsche refused to see universal suffrage that way. To him, this idea consisted of everyone sitting in judgment on everyone and everything (Nietzsche, The Will of Power). The Congress of Vienna that concentrated on preventing anyone from conquering Europe and providing peace on a Continent was not recognized by Nietzsche as well. He believed in war. A declaration of war on the masses by higher men is needed! wrote Nietzsche. This idea is so aloof from the previous belief, possessed by rational society. Numerous philosophers of the 19th and 20th century failed to find any rationality in the religion. Neither did Nietzsche. He believed that religion was teaching weakness and weakness is evil. What is bad?--All that proceeds from weakness (Nietzsche, The Antichrist). He supported his statement by calling Christianity a religion of pity and an individual becomes weaker as the pity comes upon him. Also, Christianity embraces the equal rights doctrine and equality was not welcomed by Nie tzsche. Each and every single one of his ideas contradicts all the previous beliefs, the rationality of the past. During the 19th and 20th century, philosophers were not the only ones trying to overthrow the idea of humanShow MoreRelatedGame Theory And Human Rationality Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesGame Theory and Human Rationality Game theory is a popular resource for modelling economic, sociological, philosophical and many other situations. The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy defines it as â€Å"the study of the ways in which  interacting choices  of  economic agents  produce outcomes  with respect to the  preferences  (or  utilities) of those agents, where the outcomes in question might have been intended by none of the agents.† Game theory has many uses, including describing and predicting idealRead MoreKarl Emil Maximilian s Theory Of The Sociological Movement1495 Words   |  6 Pagesthe sociological movement (Biography.com, 2015). The economist Weber believed that there were six different types of rationality, however only the formal and the substantive one will be covered. Former rationality is based on using rational steps to arrive to the wanted goal. Therefore it is based mainly on logic and past experiences, on the other hand the substantive rationality refers to problem solving by taking into context different values such as ethical or political ones. The different managementRead MoreThe Moral Status Of Animals1425 Words   |  6 Pagesalso, virtue ethics can be applied because of animal’s rationality, eudaimonia, and other-conscious. First, a virtuous person would consider the animals a moral patient because their rationality is little to none existent. As a result of the animals rationality having little to none rationality, they are considered moral patients and need a moral agent. Other types of moral patients, in a human form, would be adults that have lost their rationality abilities temporarily or permanently and infants. WhatRead MoreMan Is a Rational Animal1573 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the course of history man has been described as many different things. One of the most famous of these is Aristotle’s definition of man; Aristotle defined man as being a rational animal. According to this definition, rationality is what separates man from all other animals; it is what makes them unique. In order to prove this to be an accurate definition of man the definition of rational must first be understood. Rational has more than one denotation and in order for man to be rationalRead MoreMax Weber s In fluence On The Areas Of Individual Autonomy And Freedom1405 Words   |  6 Pagesespecially regarding reason/rationality in relation to capitalism and how it has shaped our present society from replying on traditional methods to becoming more modern and advanced but not without its flaws. Weber main point of focus was on the individual intertwined with culture and the notion of the â€Å"ideal type†, he was also concerned about rationalization of the society. Max Weber addressed different themes in his life time but this essay will focus primarily on reason/rationality coupled with capitalismRead MoreBehavioral Economics Essay598 Words   |  3 Pagesassumes that human beings are rational in the decisions they make. Behavioral economics do not involve assumption. The difference comes in from the notion that the human behavior observation contradicts behavior of people to be perfectly rational. Therefore, the two starts from different points. Both behavioural economics and e conomics try to proscribe and describe patterns of human spending. The implication is that it does not only try to describe human behavior but tries to dictate human behavior.Read MoreUnexamined Life Not Worth Living For1300 Words   |  6 PagesSocrates is right about an unexamined life is no worth living for, however too much examination leads to the absurd and too little tends to keep you from obtaining knowledge, not being able to free your-self as humans are meant to be free. Socrates was a philosopher who believed that humans were meant to obtain all type of knowledge, and that such knowledge could only be achieved through examination. As Socrates stated â€Å"it is the greatest good for a man to discuss virtue every day and those otherRead MoreMax Weber s Views On Alienation Essay1085 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen greatly impacted by the rationalization process, and much of social life today can be characterized by Weber’s term of formal rationality. This term refers to the usage of zweckrational or rational behavior that is goal oriented. Although formal rationality is characterized by human behavior that utilizes science and knowledge to achieve goals, formal rationality can actually be very irrational because it is characterized by one-dimensional thought patterns that fail to consider society as wholeRead MoreProcess Of Replacing Traditional And Emotional Thought With Reason And Practicality908 Words   |  4 Pageslarge examples of this tren d. Substantive rationality is a type of decision making which is subject to values and an appeal to ethical norms. It does not take into account the nature of outcomes. (Ritzer) Formal rationality is a type of decision making which is subject to calculation that goes into an action to increase its chances of success. Its decisive feature is that it eliminates an orientation to values because they are non-technical. Rationality is formal when problems are solved by the applicationRead MoreWeber s Principles Of Formal Rationality965 Words   |  4 Pages Even so, the strength of Weber’s analysis of bureaucratization cannot be used as definitive proof to support the assertion of growing rationality. Although bureaucracies clearly do use principles of formal rationality through calculation (Ritzer, 2010, p. 47) and by â€Å"changing the material and social orders [†¦] through a rational determination of means to ends† (Weber, 1922/1978, p. 1116), they do not necessarily represent a real shift to this form. Weber does convincingly establish bureaucracy as

Should Animals Be Banned Animals For Our Benefits Essay

We humans have coexisted and used animals for our benefits since humans first appeared onto Earth. Humans have managed to domesticate animals such as cows, goats, dogs, etc. Yet within the past few decades the treatment of domesticated animals around us have deteriorated exponentially from within the many years on which humans have existed. People who make money from animal products such as hide, meat, milk, and wool view the animals not as what they are, but of what they’re products worth is or as a part of the factory. The United States should treat animals as they would people, with the freedom to live a happy and free from the fear of dying at any time. Puppy mills mass produce dogs without regard for their safety, health, mental health and any regards for their life. To maximize potential profits female dogs are bred nonstop with little or none recovery time. Dogs in puppy mills are usually kept in cages with wired flooring causing injury to the dog s paws and legs. (Puppy Mills) The puppies that come from puppy mills are prone to physical birth defects and genetic diseases from birth. (Puppy Mills) Some are Heart disease and different types of respiratory disorders. When the puppies arrive at the pet stores and their new homes are usually rampant with diseases and parasites. (Puppy Mills) From a result of puppies being forcefully removed from their littermates and mothers at an extremely young age of around eight weeks, they suffer from emotional and behavioral issuesShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing And The Scientific Field1305 Words   |  6 Pagesscientific field, people find that the richest discoveries in health or medicine gen erally depend on animal testing. According to Animal Testing in the History of Anesthesia: Now and Then, Some Stories, Some Facts, the writer says, â€Å"There are many interesting anecdotes, [†¦] about how dogs have been loved, named and tested by many anesthesiologists, [†¦]. However, the contribution of experiments on animals such as rabbit, monkey, mice, guinea pigs etc., also played a significant role in the evolutionRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay537 Words   |  3 PagesEach year, millions of animals are used to test how safe and effective products, such as cosmetics, are. They are genetically modified, force-fed harmful chemicals, blinded, scalded, and maimed. How could one not object to this awful cruelty? Animal testing should be banned because it is cruel, unnecessary, inaccurate, and expensive. The very first reason why animal testing should be banned is elementary: it is cruel and unnecessary. Approximately 17-22 million animals are used for testing eachRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned866 Words   |  4 Pagesdebate whether animal testing should be banned or continued. Many scientists believe that a human’s life is superior to an animal’s life. Others, like me, believe that animal testing is good for medicine use and not cosmetics. In my prospective, as well as many others will agree, beauty is far less important than a living creature. For centuries now, animal testing has helped scientist develop new cures for diseases, health conditions and even the development of new technology. Animal testing has beenRead MoreCost-Benefit Analysis Of The Ethics Of Animal Testing1606 Words   |  7 PagesTo achieve this, regulations should be representative of the â€Å"equal consideration† view that all animals, including humans, have the same right to not suffer or be harmed. A cost-benefit analysis justifying these types of experiments should be used to evaluate the appropriateness of using animals for the research. The United Kingdom has adopted this perspective calling for a complete ban on all experiments that cause more harm to the animals than would be of benefit to humans. The United KingdomRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Testing1534 Words   |  7 PagesOver the last couple hundred years, our world has expanded beyond its horizons and the new equipment and advanced technology has allowed humans to succeed in many areas, but has also damaged the basic ethics and morals in some of us. Today on television, we see the over dramatized body spray commercials or a famous celebrity advertising their favorite shampoo and stating its claims, but what most do not know is that a couple or couple hundred, animals were killed to approve, by law, of that productRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Should Be Banned1426 Words   |  6 Pages judged by the way its animals are treated.† - Mahatma Gandhi. These famous words still ring true in today’s society as we struggle to overcome the scientific experimentation on animals. Animals have acted as the archstone of human civilization since the dawn of man, from a source of food, to companionship. However, in the past century, we have been blurring the line between environmental entitlement and environmental rape. Every member of the human race interacts and depends on animals, and we owe themRead MoreThe Zoo Controversy Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesculture for centuries. At first, a zoo could be seen as nothing more than a jail cell for animals, but today, zoos are being completely transformed. What used to be confined cages are now being revolutionized into acres of land for different species to reside in. The opponents of zoos feel that they are inhumane and harmful to animals. However, zoos are beneficial for several different reasons, including, ani mal conservation and captive breeding, scientific studies, healthcare, and education. DanielRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned855 Words   |  4 Pagesexperiments on animals. Animal experimentation has a lengthy and productive history in biological research, especially in biomedicine. Over ninety percent of studies used mice and rat to cure cancer and improve immune system for human beings (1). Since using animals in experiments is a practical way to cure many diseases, people overlooked the unethical action. However, animal testing should be forbidden because of its unsure benefits, morality and wastefulness. Opponents of banning animal testing argueRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned From Our Society874 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Rights Demand Protection My thesis is that animal testing should be banned from our society altogether. Animal rights advocates argue that testing is a subject that has been argued countless amount of times in medical journals, and it has shown that it is a waste of animal lives. Subsequently, processing of a single drug requires more than 50 trials and use of as many as 12,000 animals. Moreover, regardless of the ethical issues that derive from animal testing, the infliction of physical/psychologicalRead More Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Essay example1484 Words   |  6 Pagessafety. Early experiment performed on animals showed potential dangers. For example, cloned cows developed faulty immune systems. In some studies, cloned animals seemed to grow old faster and die younger than normal members of the species. According to Encarta online Encyclopedia, â€Å"In 2002 the National Academy of Sciences released a report calling for a legal ban on human cloning. The report concluded that the high rate of health problems in cloned animals indicates that such an effort in humans

Sample essays free essay sample

My females roots are intertwined with several ethnic and cultural backgrounds. My mothers parents are American, but her ancestors are originally from England and Germany. My fathers mother is Peruvian, but his father is Egyptian. I grew up in Peru with my parents in a quiet neighborhood of Lima. My paternal grandparents lived down the street from us, but my maternal grandparents lived in the United States. Unlike most on-native speakers, I did not learn English for school; I learned English so that I could speak to my grandparents. Coming from a multilingual family sparked many difficulties in communication. For example, when my maternal grandparents would fly from North America to South America to visit us, my mother had to translate among the different family members. We spoke Spanish in our house, but my American grandparents spoke only English. Since they did not speak a word of Spanish, my mother was constantly Interpreting questions and answers. Rather than enjoying their visit, my mother had to work as a renovator.With my moms help. I could understand my grandparents, but I wanted to speak to them by myself. Eventually, this situation reached its boiling point. One day my mother asked my grandmother to pick me up from school. My school was only a few blocks from our house, but my grandmother got horribly lost on the way. She ended up in the wrong neighborhood and had to get help from the police. It was quite embarrassing for a grown woman to find herself lost In a small neighborhood. Now we all realized that being monolingual was a huge handicap. In addition, it was potentially dangerous ability!Because of this incident, I decided to take action. The next time my grandparents came to visit, I taped vocabulary cards on all of the objects in our house. On the Sills, I hung a card with chair written on it. On the mesa, I attached a card that said table. I continued putting these English words all over the house. Meanwhile, my grandparents saw how hard I was working to learn English, and they decided that they wanted to learn Spanish. Later, we wrote the Spanish words on all of the cards as well so that we could practice together. My mom would help us with grammar whenever we had questions. It was so much fun to turn our monolingual Spanish house into a truly bilingual home. While I was studying English, I realized that learning a language does more than teach you new words; It enables you to learn about new people. Instead of needing my mother to tell me stories about my grandparents, we can now talk directly to each other. Now my grandparents and I talk on the phone every week without a translator, and our relationship is much closer than it ever was before. By learning a common language to communicate, you can experience a new relationship. Source: Keith S. Fools Tools Pugh (2007), Greater Essay. Canada: Houghton Muffling Example of Descriptive Essay ere Ring People all over the world spend valuable time and cash to see championship fights. Whether it is for boxing, wrestling, or ultimate fighting, crowds gather in bars and around televisions to support their favorite fighters. Many know what is like to be spectator, but few know the fighters experience. L, on the other hand, have first- hand knowledge of what is like to be in the ring. The first sound I hear is the familiar bell that brings me to reality. All around are y friends, family, and people who want to see women brawl.This is far from a quiet event. The onlookers are comparable to screeching howler monkeys with beers and snacks in their hands. My body feels heavy; I am covered in all the necessary places to prevent injury. The guard in my mouth causes excess fluid to run down my chin. ere ring smells like rubber and sweat from previous battles. These conditions are not ideal for the average woman, but for me boxing is my place in the world, my sanctuary, my one talent. I look over at my competition. She is shorter and thicker than I am, and her stance s impeccable. Immediately I realize that this will be a memorable occasion.I can tell everything about my opponent by her reaction to the first punch, whether she backs away or comes in closer. I always test the water with a three-punch combination: a lab, a strong right, and a left hook. With each strike I exhale, making the hits more effective. She moves in closer, mainly because of her height, partially because she is confident. This makes me hesitate, but I know I cannot let this stab of fear affect my performance. I prance around my tiptoes, and she follows me like a lost puppy. The first-two minute round consists of she and I doing the well-known first round dance. This is how we figure each other out.Not much damage is done on either end, a couple of single blows, and soon enough the bell rings signifying our thirty-second break. I stagger over to my corner of my ring. My coach gives me the usual pep talk as I spit while simultaneously wiping beads of sweat off my head, necks, and chests. He reminds me of a father, very proud of his little girl. Soon enough, before I am fully rejuvenated, it will be time to go back to the fight for the second round. I am so prepared. Whether I win or lose the fight, I know that I will fight my best and make my coach and myself proud. I will relish in every moment of my time in the boxing ring.There is no other place I would rather be. Source: Karri L. Russell (2012), Write Now. Americas, New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Example of Argumentative Essay Can Spam! When I first got an e-mail account ten years ago, I received communications only from friends, family, and professional acquaintances. Businesses did not contact me with advertisements to sell me their services. Now it seems that every time I check my e-mail, I have to delete an endless parade of advertisements and other correspondence that does not come from legitimate businesses and therefore does not interest me at all.If we want e-mail to continue to be useful, we need specific laws that criminality spam. The annoying avalanche of spam threatens to destroy this important means of modern communication. If the government does not do something soon to outlaw spam, the problem will certainly get much worse. Computer programs allow spammed to send hundreds of millions of e-mails virtually instantly. As more and more advertisers turn to spam to sell their products, the e-mail that we want to receive could be greatly outnumbered by Junk e-mail.Would you continue to use e-mail if you had to delete 100 pieces of spam for each e-mail that was written to you by someone you know? Although this problem with e-mailing is troubling for private individuals, it is even shut down the entire network of business. Companies rely on e-mail for their employees to communicate with each other. Spamming corrupts their internal communications, and a companys employees are thus unable to communicate effectively. Such a situation results in a loss of productivity for the company and sometimes requires the company to reformulate its communication network, too.These computer problems raise the companys costs, which must then be passed on to the consumer. Despite these problems for businesses, some people might argue that crystallizing spam would infringe on spammed right to free speech. However, how free is speech that drowns out other voices that we want to hear? Commercial speech that is designed to encourage people to spend money legally different form peoples right to voice their personal opinions. The right to free speech does not allow companies to flood my mailbox with their e-mail garbage.Yes, free speech is essential component of the exchange of ideas necessary for a flourishing democracy. Unsolicited e-mails, however, threaten to inhibit effective communication, not nurture Because of these important reasons, our lawmakers need to legislate against spam. Spammed should be fined, and perhaps Jailed, if they continue to disturb people with their incessant pleas for our attention and our money. E-mail was designed to be a helpful tool to allow people all over the world to communicate with ACH other quickly and effectively, but spam threatens to destroy this advance in human communication.Source: Keith S. Fools Tyson Pugh (2007), Greater Essay. Canada: Houghton Muffling Company Example of Compare and Contrast Essay ere Truth About Cats and Dogs I used to think that dogs were better than cats as pets. As I was growing up, my had cats because my father is allergic to them. I always assumed that when I grew up, I would have a dog as a pet. My life as a pet owner changed one night when a tiny kitten showed up at my door. He was cold, wet, and hungry, and I was afraid he Mould die on my doorstep if I did not help him.I never saw myself as a cat owner, but now I am one, I realize that most of the stereotypes about cats and dogs are untrue. Cats are supposed to be standoffish and incurious as well as finicky and meticulous. My cat, however, is very friendly and even a little messy. He always wants my attention, which can be annoying at times, especially when I am trying to cook or study. I thought that a cat would sleep all day, but my cat is much more energetic than I expected. If he does not go outside to frolic in the backyard, he starts to behave a bit neurotically. Obviously, my cat does not fit stereotype of the average cat.People also say that dogs are friendlier than cats, but I remembered a couple of my family dogs that were not friendly at all. Our Chihuahua was named Waster, and he did not like anyone. Every time someone rang our doorbell, he would bark ferociously to scare the visitor away. Once he even nipped at my grandmother! She never thought that all dogs were friendly after the experience. We also had another dog named Rover that used to bark loudly whenever the postal carrier came to deliver our mail. Even though our carrier never met our dog, I am certain that he knew Rover was not a friendly dog.Of course, I have known both cats and dogs that fulfill the stereotypes as well. My friend Mime had a cat that was so aloof and distant that I never saw it when I came to visit. No matter how many times I dropped by her house, the cat always hid itself under a bed. Likewise, my friend Jasper has a dog that is almost ridiculously friendly. It licks and licks and licks until I wish it were not quite friendly. How did these stereotypes about cats and dogs develop? As with most prejudices, hey reflect more about the people who express them than about what is true.Both cats and dogs make good pets, and both of them can make bad pets. It all depends on the individual animal, and no one should Judge an animal before getting to know Modern Music Technology : Downloading or Stealing? The recording industry is in a slump. Albums and CDC are not selling as much as they were several years ago, and this trend shows no sign of reversing. For the industry as a whole, profits are down ten percent within the last three years. What has caused this downward spiral for the music industry? The answer is the same piece of equipment with which I am writing this essay: the personal computer.There are three reasons that the computer has had a deleterious effect on the recording industry. Because of the popularity of sharing computer sound files, consumers no longer feel that they need to purchase music. Many people think it is morally acceptable-? not to mention convenient-?to download music files for free via file-sharing services. A couple of mouse-button clicks, and presto! Now you own on your own computer that catchy little tune that you have been humming. Then, it is Just a couple of more clicks until it is burned on a CD for you. With this level of convenience, it is easy to see why record companies are feeling the pinch. In addition, computers allow musicians to market and sell their own music. Musicians can record and create their own CDC at a relatively modest cost these days. Before the development of the personal computer, most musicians could not afford to record their own music, but now the costs are much more reasonable. For this reason, it makes less sense for musicians to give away a part of their profits to a cord company for activities that they can accomplish themselves.Furthermore, the recording industry bears some of the blame for its own problems simply because it has been recalcitrant about using personal computers to sell its products. It has long annoyed me that record companies primarily sell whole albums when only one of the songs is of interest to me. I do not like to waste my money on an entire album and then find out that the album has Just one good song on it. The recording industry should package and sell music in a way that consumers Ant and take advantage of personal computers to market songs to individual nonusers.If the downward trends in the recording industry continue, will there still be a recording industry? It is quite possible that the recording industry will die over time if it becomes no longer profitable to market and sell music. Performing artists might have to advertise themselves through smaller venues, and consumers might need to seek out new music if it is no longer marketed directly to them. The computer has brought about tremendous changes to the recording industry, and the industry will have to move quickly to retain its relevance in todays economy.

Text and Traditions Work Requirement One Historical Reconstruction Essay Example For Students

Text and Traditions: Work Requirement One Historical Reconstruction Essay Text and Traditions: Work Requirement One Historical ReconstructionMajor events in Jewish history to the first century AD1250 BC Fall of Jerusalem to the Romans. 931 BC Divided Kingdoms. 721 BC Fall of Samaria. We will write a custom essay on Text and Traditions: Work Requirement One Historical Reconstruction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 587 BC Fall of Jerusalem, Babylonian captivity. 333 BC Jews under Hellenistic rule. 63 BCJews under Roman rule. 70 ADFall of Jerusalem to the Romans. Major events between 50 BC 100 AD63 BC 40 BC Hyrcanus2 rules, but is subject to Rome. 41 BC 30 BC Antony Caesar Roman Emperor. 40 BC 37 BC Parathions conquer Jerusalem. 38 BC 4 BC Herod rules as king. Subject to Rome. 37 BCJerusalem besieged for 6 months. 32 BCHerod Defeated. 31 BC 14 AD Caesar Augustus Roman Emperor. 19 BCHerods Temple begun. 16 BCHerod visits Agrppa. 4 BCHerod dies; Archelaus succeeds. 37 AD 41 AD Caliguta Roman Emperor. 41 AD 54 AD Claudius Roman Emperor. 54 AD 68 AD Nero Roman Emperor. The first persecutor of Christians. 66 ADJews in Palestine tried to revolt. Were crushed byTitus. 69 AD 79 AD Vespasia Roman Emperor. He continued the persecution. 70 ADJewish temple destroyed. Small part of the wall leftstanding. 79 ADTitus Roman Emperor. Detailed analysis of major Jewish groups of the timePharisees The Pharisees were a group of Jews, that believed strongly against theadoption of Greek ways. They wanted to uphold and protect their fragile Jewishculture, from the Greek influence that was flooding into Israel at the time. They developed as haters of the tradition Greek ways, because of their customswere related to idolatry and immorality. They joined up with a group know as theHasmoneans and proceeded to conduct a rebellion against the Greek. After gainingreligious freedom, they then separated from their new partners, and formed thebreakaway party, known today as the Pharisees (meaning the separated). Theyhad extreme power in the synagogue, and eventually turned it into the center ofthe Jewish faith. This didnt last forever, as it was finally replaced by thetemple, erected by David. Saducees The Sadducees (Sons of Zadok) seemed to be a group of aristocraticpriestly families, that were powerful within the High Priesthood. They held amonopoly over all the High Priesthood positions and were also powerful in theSanhedrin. They came across as being a very selfish group that retained theirrights and traditions, and also trying to stay on the good side of the RomanEmpire. Unlike the Pharisees, they were rigid and closed in sect, and not opento change. When the Romans destroyed the temple, they disappeared and were neverheard from again. Zealots The Zealots were a group of radical extremists, that were the cause ofmany uprisings throughout their history, and eventually they lead a revoltagainst the Romans in 66-73 AD. To stop this, the Roman Emperor destroyed thethird temple, which lead to the end of the uprising. This not only lead to theirdownfall, but that of the Jews when they were crushed by Emperor Titus in 73 AD. Qumrans/Essenes They were an important Jewish group in the community around thetime of Jesus. Although it wasnt until 150 BC until they emerged, they livedtheir lives according to a strict set of beliefs and rules. To join the group athree year probationary period was imposed to new comers. Members were bound tokeep secret the doctrines and practices. Its is believed that John the Baptistwas and Essene, and had high connections to their community. The discovery ofthe Dead Sea Scrolls has shed a lot more light on the practices of the Essenes. These discoveries have proved that some Christian qualities and beliefs are anexact copy of that of the Qumrans/Essenes. Samaritans Samaritans originated from the area located between Judea and Galilee,when the Assyrian settlers intermarried with the Jews that lived there. Thepopulation created followed all the laws of Torah in their own special way, andconsidered themselves to be Jewish. The normal Jews did not accept this, asintermarriage between Jews and Gentiles was forbidden. Throughout the bible, ithas been documented that the Samaritans and the Jews were at each other throats,constantly. Analysis of major philosophical ideas of the timePlatonism Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher who taught in the periodbetween 427 and 347 BC. He reasoned that the senses cant be trusted, and thatone must use reason and maths, to solve problems and to guide oneself throughoutlife. Plato was a student of Socrates and throughout his works, he drew fromother Greek philosophies, although as time progressed, he developed an entirelydifferent philosophical form of thinking that became his own. Aristotelianism Aristotle was a Greek philosopher that was born nearly 400 yearBC. During his well documented life, he served as the tutor to Alexander theGreat and also wrote many papers on various topics such as Ethics, Physics andMetaphysics. Aristotle also developed theories on the human soul in relation togod. He represented it as a trinity of matter, being vegetable, animal and humanin nature, and proposed a non-abstract theory of form, where the initiator ofall existence is acknowledged as God. .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .postImageUrl , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:hover , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:visited , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:active { border:0!important; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:active , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thomas Jefferson1 EssayEpicureanism Epicurus set up a school in Athens that taught ethics, based on hiswritings and opinions, in the Hellenistic world. He proposed that the pursuit ofhappiness should be mans greatest concern, rather than modeling his life on thepleasing of gods and of the deeds needed to be completed for one to have apleasurable afterlife. His philosophy was that the pleasure seeking of mankind,would not only provide fulfilment for ones own self, but also lead to theadvancement and development of society in general. Stoicism Stoicism was a famous school of Hellenistic thought. Its teachings werenot just philosophical, but could be used by everyday people, in everyday life. The main goal for the tradition was to attain happiness and liberation fromemotion, through the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom. We can draw manycomparisons between the Christian faith and that of Stoicism. We can also seethe influence that the tradition had on many of the late Christian theologians. Mystery Cults/Religions The mystery cults originated from many places in thefirst century AD. They developed to replace the Olympic pantheons that werebecoming implausible and unsatisfying. The followers of these cults worshiped avariety of gods or philosophies, each with their own set of obscure rules andrituals. Secrecy played a great part in these cults (hence the name mysteryreligions) as one could incur the death sentence by revealing the mysteriesthrough speech, dance, pantomime, or any other form of communication. Althoughone can debate the point of having these religions, it does prove that the humansoul requires some form of religious worship, mainstream or otherwise. Gnosticism The Gnostics were a group/sect that existed in the first half of the20th century, and were thought to lead Christians astray by teachingmanipulations of the Gospel. The mixed the ideas of the Christians with that ofthe Greeks, producing a religion that wanted release from the prison of thisworld. It draws on the Jewish monldthum, Babylonian anthology and Iranian Deulum,and believes that light and darkness are entwined in a constant battle of cosmicrealms. First Century Roman JudeaSummary of major New Testament Christian LeadersPeter Peter was one of the first, and major disciples. Peters original name wasthe Heb. Simon. His fathers name was Jonah. He worked as a fisherman at the twoplaces of which he took residence: Beth-saida and Capernaum in Galilee. At theseplaces he was in contact with the gentiles. He was probably effected by John theBaptists movement. He was often the spokesperson for all the of the followersand friends. Before Pentecost it was Peter who took the lead role of educatingthe people and preaching the word of the bible. The church had made a largeimpact on the community, but it was Peter that was seen to be the hero andleader. He also was the first apostle to be associated with the Gentiles. Atthat time in history this move was bound to draw him a lot of criticism. Despitethis criticism Peter with some support from his friends was able to make someprogress in the acceptance of other racial groups. After the death of Stephen,Peters whereabouts and activities became very scarce. At one stage he wasimprisoned at Jerusalem and then later escaped. It has been thought that hetravelled through many cities, taking many brief jobs and participating in somereligious eventsJames James was one of the sons of Zebedee. Was a fisherman when called tobecome one of the twelve apostles with his brother John. These two along withPeter formed the inner circle of the apostles. This inner group was present atmost of the major events and were widely respected for their dedication andsheer faith. James was good friends with Jesus and with his brother John, wereadeptly nicknamed Boanerges, that is, sons of thunder. It was these two againthat cause a stir when requesting Jesus for a place in the Holy ChristsKingdom. The two were not promised this privilege, they continued to believe andhave the faith that would, in theory, get them there anyway. John John was the other son of Zebedee. Was the brother James (the son ofZebedee). It is also possible that John was the cousin of Jesus on his mothersside. As with his Brother James, he was present at many very significant eventson the history of Christianity. He was also sent by Jesus to prepare the finalpass over meal. John was the one that was probably the closest to Jesus, he wastrusted with responsibilities that Jesus himself had given him. .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .postImageUrl , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:hover , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:visited , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:active { border:0!important; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:active , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Renaissance Italys Decline EssayJames, brother of Jesus James was Jesuss younger brother who, along with hisother siblings, refused to accept Jesuss claims of authority before hisresurrection. He along with some of his close friends were a group which failedto accept the power and authority of Jesus before the resurrection. The effectthe resurrection had on James was unmistakable. He became the leader of theJewish-Christian Church at Jerusalem. The tradition stated that he was placedthe first leader of the faith by the lord himself. He remained leader of theChurch, by himself, for some time. He was still the leader when Paul visitedJerusalem for the last time. After re ceiving a death by stoning, James was namedthe just for his Jewish piety. James is also said to have described himself asa servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ. Paul (Saul of Tarsis) Paul was born in Tarsus a Roman citizen. After a simplebeginning Paul was only effected by preaching of Jesus after he had contact withthe risen Christ. Paul then spent the next three years preaching in Damascus. After some pressure from the Jews of the area, Paul fled to Jerusalem where hemet up with Barnabas. Barnabas then introduced Paul to the leaders ofChristianity. His stay only lasted a brief two weeks because several Jews weretrying to kill him. Retreating for some ten years, Barnabas contacted Paul andencouraged him to rejoin the now flourishing Gentile mission. Paul and Barnabaswere sent on a mission to establish Christianity in the area surrounding Cyprusand the S Galatia. Despite several set backs and violent outbursts the missionwas very successful with new territories become adapt to the Christian ways. Asone would expect the relationship between the Gentiles and the newly turnedJewish community was one that was tested often. Differing beliefs lead to anumber of verbal and physical conflicts and Barnabas and Paul were called uponto resolve these. They used the help and guidance of their elders and fellowChristians to help with their decisions. Paul once again set off through par tsof Europe to convert people to Christianity. This time Barnabas did not travelwith him because of a rift in there relationship. Paul discovered new friendthat he took with him through Greece and the surrounding parts. He helped set upa large amount of new mission which set the standard for others to grow by. Thenext area to converted was the lands of Asia. This goal was quickly accomplishedby Paul. He was then returned to Greece to help secure the faith there. It wasin the years that followed that he wrote several telling letters. This letterswere to become a crucial part of the Christian faith in years to come. Judas Iscariot Judas was a member of the 12 disciples, and was the one whobetrayed Jesus, which ended in his crucifixion. The opportunity came about whenJudas turned Jesus to the authorities. After the event, guilt was beset uponthis traitor. Unable to over come this guilt, his life ended in suicide. Judasis widely remember for his treachery and betrayal of the other eleven apostles. He was thought of as a man who was touched by Satan and influenced into evilways. He was bribed and accepted money to do evil deeds. He claimed this moneywould be used for the poor.. Barnabas Barnabas was born into a Jewish-Cypriot family. He a member of theJerusalem church, and as he progressed he became very serious about religion. Healso had a significant effect on several matters. He introduced a converted Saulto the main apostles, which lead to Saul being accepted after originally beingcalled an impostor. It was Barnabas who stuck up for the gentiles when they werebeing condemned. Barnabas thought the movement to accept the Gentiles as equalswas an act ignited by God and therefor took the side of God. Being a key member,he took a journey with Paul from Cyprus, to Asia minor, which was taken with thegoal of setting up a group of successful Gentile churches. Barnabas was alsoplaced in front of the Jerusalem council with Paul. Barnabas importance to theissue is clearly shown by the mere fact that he is mentioned before Paul inaccounts of the proceedings. BibliographySetting the scene, Goosen Thomlinson Jesus; Mystery and Surprise (Sydney: EJDywer, 1989)Philosophies, Elwell (ed.) Evangelical Dictionary of Theology (Grand Rapids:Baker Bookhouse, 1990)The New Bible Dictionary (Wheaton: Tyndale House Publishers Inc, 1962)Logos Bible Software v2.0 (Oakharbour: Logos Research System)World Book EncyclopediaWorld Wide Web (Internet)