Rationality in Humans Essay - 793 Words

Contradiction is the nature of the society. If there is a religion, there will be those who do not believe. If there is a war, there will be those that want peace. If there is a political movement, there will be those that disagree. Humans are bound to go against their own believes, their own strategies, and their own establishments. Nothing is forever. History portrays people going against the accepted ideologies. It shows the everlasting change of the society. First, they thought that God was the explanation to everything. A century later, they started doubting the Bible. The period of Enlightenment embraced rationality. People believed that they could explain anything, either through science or through religion. They believed in the†¦show more content†¦European democracy...release of laziness, of weariness, of weakness, stated Nietzsche in his The Will of Power. Universal male suffrage was created to ensure that everyone has an opportunity of political representation. N ietzsche refused to see universal suffrage that way. To him, this idea consisted of everyone sitting in judgment on everyone and everything (Nietzsche, The Will of Power). The Congress of Vienna that concentrated on preventing anyone from conquering Europe and providing peace on a Continent was not recognized by Nietzsche as well. He believed in war. A declaration of war on the masses by higher men is needed! wrote Nietzsche. This idea is so aloof from the previous belief, possessed by rational society. Numerous philosophers of the 19th and 20th century failed to find any rationality in the religion. Neither did Nietzsche. He believed that religion was teaching weakness and weakness is evil. What is bad?--All that proceeds from weakness (Nietzsche, The Antichrist). He supported his statement by calling Christianity a religion of pity and an individual becomes weaker as the pity comes upon him. Also, Christianity embraces the equal rights doctrine and equality was not welcomed by Nie tzsche. Each and every single one of his ideas contradicts all the previous beliefs, the rationality of the past. During the 19th and 20th century, philosophers were not the only ones trying to overthrow the idea of humanShow MoreRelatedGame Theory And Human Rationality Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesGame Theory and Human Rationality Game theory is a popular resource for modelling economic, sociological, philosophical and many other situations. The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy defines it as â€Å"the study of the ways in which  interacting choices  of  economic agents  produce outcomes  with respect to the  preferences  (or  utilities) of those agents, where the outcomes in question might have been intended by none of the agents.† Game theory has many uses, including describing and predicting idealRead MoreKarl Emil Maximilian s Theory Of The Sociological Movement1495 Words   |  6 Pagesthe sociological movement (Biography.com, 2015). The economist Weber believed that there were six different types of rationality, however only the formal and the substantive one will be covered. Former rationality is based on using rational steps to arrive to the wanted goal. Therefore it is based mainly on logic and past experiences, on the other hand the substantive rationality refers to problem solving by taking into context different values such as ethical or political ones. The different managementRead MoreThe Moral Status Of Animals1425 Words   |  6 Pagesalso, virtue ethics can be applied because of animal’s rationality, eudaimonia, and other-conscious. First, a virtuous person would consider the animals a moral patient because their rationality is little to none existent. As a result of the animals rationality having little to none rationality, they are considered moral patients and need a moral agent. Other types of moral patients, in a human form, would be adults that have lost their rationality abilities temporarily or permanently and infants. WhatRead MoreMan Is a Rational Animal1573 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the course of history man has been described as many different things. One of the most famous of these is Aristotle’s definition of man; Aristotle defined man as being a rational animal. According to this definition, rationality is what separates man from all other animals; it is what makes them unique. In order to prove this to be an accurate definition of man the definition of rational must first be understood. Rational has more than one denotation and in order for man to be rationalRead MoreMax Weber s In fluence On The Areas Of Individual Autonomy And Freedom1405 Words   |  6 Pagesespecially regarding reason/rationality in relation to capitalism and how it has shaped our present society from replying on traditional methods to becoming more modern and advanced but not without its flaws. Weber main point of focus was on the individual intertwined with culture and the notion of the â€Å"ideal type†, he was also concerned about rationalization of the society. Max Weber addressed different themes in his life time but this essay will focus primarily on reason/rationality coupled with capitalismRead MoreBehavioral Economics Essay598 Words   |  3 Pagesassumes that human beings are rational in the decisions they make. Behavioral economics do not involve assumption. The difference comes in from the notion that the human behavior observation contradicts behavior of people to be perfectly rational. Therefore, the two starts from different points. Both behavioural economics and e conomics try to proscribe and describe patterns of human spending. The implication is that it does not only try to describe human behavior but tries to dictate human behavior.Read MoreUnexamined Life Not Worth Living For1300 Words   |  6 PagesSocrates is right about an unexamined life is no worth living for, however too much examination leads to the absurd and too little tends to keep you from obtaining knowledge, not being able to free your-self as humans are meant to be free. Socrates was a philosopher who believed that humans were meant to obtain all type of knowledge, and that such knowledge could only be achieved through examination. As Socrates stated â€Å"it is the greatest good for a man to discuss virtue every day and those otherRead MoreMax Weber s Views On Alienation Essay1085 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen greatly impacted by the rationalization process, and much of social life today can be characterized by Weber’s term of formal rationality. This term refers to the usage of zweckrational or rational behavior that is goal oriented. Although formal rationality is characterized by human behavior that utilizes science and knowledge to achieve goals, formal rationality can actually be very irrational because it is characterized by one-dimensional thought patterns that fail to consider society as wholeRead MoreProcess Of Replacing Traditional And Emotional Thought With Reason And Practicality908 Words   |  4 Pageslarge examples of this tren d. Substantive rationality is a type of decision making which is subject to values and an appeal to ethical norms. It does not take into account the nature of outcomes. (Ritzer) Formal rationality is a type of decision making which is subject to calculation that goes into an action to increase its chances of success. Its decisive feature is that it eliminates an orientation to values because they are non-technical. Rationality is formal when problems are solved by the applicationRead MoreWeber s Principles Of Formal Rationality965 Words   |  4 Pages Even so, the strength of Weber’s analysis of bureaucratization cannot be used as definitive proof to support the assertion of growing rationality. Although bureaucracies clearly do use principles of formal rationality through calculation (Ritzer, 2010, p. 47) and by â€Å"changing the material and social orders [†¦] through a rational determination of means to ends† (Weber, 1922/1978, p. 1116), they do not necessarily represent a real shift to this form. Weber does convincingly establish bureaucracy as

Should Animals Be Banned Animals For Our Benefits Essay

We humans have coexisted and used animals for our benefits since humans first appeared onto Earth. Humans have managed to domesticate animals such as cows, goats, dogs, etc. Yet within the past few decades the treatment of domesticated animals around us have deteriorated exponentially from within the many years on which humans have existed. People who make money from animal products such as hide, meat, milk, and wool view the animals not as what they are, but of what they’re products worth is or as a part of the factory. The United States should treat animals as they would people, with the freedom to live a happy and free from the fear of dying at any time. Puppy mills mass produce dogs without regard for their safety, health, mental health and any regards for their life. To maximize potential profits female dogs are bred nonstop with little or none recovery time. Dogs in puppy mills are usually kept in cages with wired flooring causing injury to the dog s paws and legs. (Puppy Mills) The puppies that come from puppy mills are prone to physical birth defects and genetic diseases from birth. (Puppy Mills) Some are Heart disease and different types of respiratory disorders. When the puppies arrive at the pet stores and their new homes are usually rampant with diseases and parasites. (Puppy Mills) From a result of puppies being forcefully removed from their littermates and mothers at an extremely young age of around eight weeks, they suffer from emotional and behavioral issuesShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing And The Scientific Field1305 Words   |  6 Pagesscientific field, people find that the richest discoveries in health or medicine gen erally depend on animal testing. According to Animal Testing in the History of Anesthesia: Now and Then, Some Stories, Some Facts, the writer says, â€Å"There are many interesting anecdotes, [†¦] about how dogs have been loved, named and tested by many anesthesiologists, [†¦]. However, the contribution of experiments on animals such as rabbit, monkey, mice, guinea pigs etc., also played a significant role in the evolutionRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay537 Words   |  3 PagesEach year, millions of animals are used to test how safe and effective products, such as cosmetics, are. They are genetically modified, force-fed harmful chemicals, blinded, scalded, and maimed. How could one not object to this awful cruelty? Animal testing should be banned because it is cruel, unnecessary, inaccurate, and expensive. The very first reason why animal testing should be banned is elementary: it is cruel and unnecessary. Approximately 17-22 million animals are used for testing eachRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned866 Words   |  4 Pagesdebate whether animal testing should be banned or continued. Many scientists believe that a human’s life is superior to an animal’s life. Others, like me, believe that animal testing is good for medicine use and not cosmetics. In my prospective, as well as many others will agree, beauty is far less important than a living creature. For centuries now, animal testing has helped scientist develop new cures for diseases, health conditions and even the development of new technology. Animal testing has beenRead MoreCost-Benefit Analysis Of The Ethics Of Animal Testing1606 Words   |  7 PagesTo achieve this, regulations should be representative of the â€Å"equal consideration† view that all animals, including humans, have the same right to not suffer or be harmed. A cost-benefit analysis justifying these types of experiments should be used to evaluate the appropriateness of using animals for the research. The United Kingdom has adopted this perspective calling for a complete ban on all experiments that cause more harm to the animals than would be of benefit to humans. The United KingdomRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Testing1534 Words   |  7 PagesOver the last couple hundred years, our world has expanded beyond its horizons and the new equipment and advanced technology has allowed humans to succeed in many areas, but has also damaged the basic ethics and morals in some of us. Today on television, we see the over dramatized body spray commercials or a famous celebrity advertising their favorite shampoo and stating its claims, but what most do not know is that a couple or couple hundred, animals were killed to approve, by law, of that productRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Should Be Banned1426 Words   |  6 Pages judged by the way its animals are treated.† - Mahatma Gandhi. These famous words still ring true in today’s society as we struggle to overcome the scientific experimentation on animals. Animals have acted as the archstone of human civilization since the dawn of man, from a source of food, to companionship. However, in the past century, we have been blurring the line between environmental entitlement and environmental rape. Every member of the human race interacts and depends on animals, and we owe themRead MoreThe Zoo Controversy Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesculture for centuries. At first, a zoo could be seen as nothing more than a jail cell for animals, but today, zoos are being completely transformed. What used to be confined cages are now being revolutionized into acres of land for different species to reside in. The opponents of zoos feel that they are inhumane and harmful to animals. However, zoos are beneficial for several different reasons, including, ani mal conservation and captive breeding, scientific studies, healthcare, and education. DanielRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned855 Words   |  4 Pagesexperiments on animals. Animal experimentation has a lengthy and productive history in biological research, especially in biomedicine. Over ninety percent of studies used mice and rat to cure cancer and improve immune system for human beings (1). Since using animals in experiments is a practical way to cure many diseases, people overlooked the unethical action. However, animal testing should be forbidden because of its unsure benefits, morality and wastefulness. Opponents of banning animal testing argueRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned From Our Society874 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Rights Demand Protection My thesis is that animal testing should be banned from our society altogether. Animal rights advocates argue that testing is a subject that has been argued countless amount of times in medical journals, and it has shown that it is a waste of animal lives. Subsequently, processing of a single drug requires more than 50 trials and use of as many as 12,000 animals. Moreover, regardless of the ethical issues that derive from animal testing, the infliction of physical/psychologicalRead More Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Essay example1484 Words   |  6 Pagessafety. Early experiment performed on animals showed potential dangers. For example, cloned cows developed faulty immune systems. In some studies, cloned animals seemed to grow old faster and die younger than normal members of the species. According to Encarta online Encyclopedia, â€Å"In 2002 the National Academy of Sciences released a report calling for a legal ban on human cloning. The report concluded that the high rate of health problems in cloned animals indicates that such an effort in humans

Sample essays free essay sample

My females roots are intertwined with several ethnic and cultural backgrounds. My mothers parents are American, but her ancestors are originally from England and Germany. My fathers mother is Peruvian, but his father is Egyptian. I grew up in Peru with my parents in a quiet neighborhood of Lima. My paternal grandparents lived down the street from us, but my maternal grandparents lived in the United States. Unlike most on-native speakers, I did not learn English for school; I learned English so that I could speak to my grandparents. Coming from a multilingual family sparked many difficulties in communication. For example, when my maternal grandparents would fly from North America to South America to visit us, my mother had to translate among the different family members. We spoke Spanish in our house, but my American grandparents spoke only English. Since they did not speak a word of Spanish, my mother was constantly Interpreting questions and answers. Rather than enjoying their visit, my mother had to work as a renovator.With my moms help. I could understand my grandparents, but I wanted to speak to them by myself. Eventually, this situation reached its boiling point. One day my mother asked my grandmother to pick me up from school. My school was only a few blocks from our house, but my grandmother got horribly lost on the way. She ended up in the wrong neighborhood and had to get help from the police. It was quite embarrassing for a grown woman to find herself lost In a small neighborhood. Now we all realized that being monolingual was a huge handicap. In addition, it was potentially dangerous ability!Because of this incident, I decided to take action. The next time my grandparents came to visit, I taped vocabulary cards on all of the objects in our house. On the Sills, I hung a card with chair written on it. On the mesa, I attached a card that said table. I continued putting these English words all over the house. Meanwhile, my grandparents saw how hard I was working to learn English, and they decided that they wanted to learn Spanish. Later, we wrote the Spanish words on all of the cards as well so that we could practice together. My mom would help us with grammar whenever we had questions. It was so much fun to turn our monolingual Spanish house into a truly bilingual home. While I was studying English, I realized that learning a language does more than teach you new words; It enables you to learn about new people. Instead of needing my mother to tell me stories about my grandparents, we can now talk directly to each other. Now my grandparents and I talk on the phone every week without a translator, and our relationship is much closer than it ever was before. By learning a common language to communicate, you can experience a new relationship. Source: Keith S. Fools Tools Pugh (2007), Greater Essay. Canada: Houghton Muffling Example of Descriptive Essay ere Ring People all over the world spend valuable time and cash to see championship fights. Whether it is for boxing, wrestling, or ultimate fighting, crowds gather in bars and around televisions to support their favorite fighters. Many know what is like to be spectator, but few know the fighters experience. L, on the other hand, have first- hand knowledge of what is like to be in the ring. The first sound I hear is the familiar bell that brings me to reality. All around are y friends, family, and people who want to see women brawl.This is far from a quiet event. The onlookers are comparable to screeching howler monkeys with beers and snacks in their hands. My body feels heavy; I am covered in all the necessary places to prevent injury. The guard in my mouth causes excess fluid to run down my chin. ere ring smells like rubber and sweat from previous battles. These conditions are not ideal for the average woman, but for me boxing is my place in the world, my sanctuary, my one talent. I look over at my competition. She is shorter and thicker than I am, and her stance s impeccable. Immediately I realize that this will be a memorable occasion.I can tell everything about my opponent by her reaction to the first punch, whether she backs away or comes in closer. I always test the water with a three-punch combination: a lab, a strong right, and a left hook. With each strike I exhale, making the hits more effective. She moves in closer, mainly because of her height, partially because she is confident. This makes me hesitate, but I know I cannot let this stab of fear affect my performance. I prance around my tiptoes, and she follows me like a lost puppy. The first-two minute round consists of she and I doing the well-known first round dance. This is how we figure each other out.Not much damage is done on either end, a couple of single blows, and soon enough the bell rings signifying our thirty-second break. I stagger over to my corner of my ring. My coach gives me the usual pep talk as I spit while simultaneously wiping beads of sweat off my head, necks, and chests. He reminds me of a father, very proud of his little girl. Soon enough, before I am fully rejuvenated, it will be time to go back to the fight for the second round. I am so prepared. Whether I win or lose the fight, I know that I will fight my best and make my coach and myself proud. I will relish in every moment of my time in the boxing ring.There is no other place I would rather be. Source: Karri L. Russell (2012), Write Now. Americas, New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Example of Argumentative Essay Can Spam! When I first got an e-mail account ten years ago, I received communications only from friends, family, and professional acquaintances. Businesses did not contact me with advertisements to sell me their services. Now it seems that every time I check my e-mail, I have to delete an endless parade of advertisements and other correspondence that does not come from legitimate businesses and therefore does not interest me at all.If we want e-mail to continue to be useful, we need specific laws that criminality spam. The annoying avalanche of spam threatens to destroy this important means of modern communication. If the government does not do something soon to outlaw spam, the problem will certainly get much worse. Computer programs allow spammed to send hundreds of millions of e-mails virtually instantly. As more and more advertisers turn to spam to sell their products, the e-mail that we want to receive could be greatly outnumbered by Junk e-mail.Would you continue to use e-mail if you had to delete 100 pieces of spam for each e-mail that was written to you by someone you know? Although this problem with e-mailing is troubling for private individuals, it is even shut down the entire network of business. Companies rely on e-mail for their employees to communicate with each other. Spamming corrupts their internal communications, and a companys employees are thus unable to communicate effectively. Such a situation results in a loss of productivity for the company and sometimes requires the company to reformulate its communication network, too.These computer problems raise the companys costs, which must then be passed on to the consumer. Despite these problems for businesses, some people might argue that crystallizing spam would infringe on spammed right to free speech. However, how free is speech that drowns out other voices that we want to hear? Commercial speech that is designed to encourage people to spend money legally different form peoples right to voice their personal opinions. The right to free speech does not allow companies to flood my mailbox with their e-mail garbage.Yes, free speech is essential component of the exchange of ideas necessary for a flourishing democracy. Unsolicited e-mails, however, threaten to inhibit effective communication, not nurture Because of these important reasons, our lawmakers need to legislate against spam. Spammed should be fined, and perhaps Jailed, if they continue to disturb people with their incessant pleas for our attention and our money. E-mail was designed to be a helpful tool to allow people all over the world to communicate with ACH other quickly and effectively, but spam threatens to destroy this advance in human communication.Source: Keith S. Fools Tyson Pugh (2007), Greater Essay. Canada: Houghton Muffling Company Example of Compare and Contrast Essay ere Truth About Cats and Dogs I used to think that dogs were better than cats as pets. As I was growing up, my had cats because my father is allergic to them. I always assumed that when I grew up, I would have a dog as a pet. My life as a pet owner changed one night when a tiny kitten showed up at my door. He was cold, wet, and hungry, and I was afraid he Mould die on my doorstep if I did not help him.I never saw myself as a cat owner, but now I am one, I realize that most of the stereotypes about cats and dogs are untrue. Cats are supposed to be standoffish and incurious as well as finicky and meticulous. My cat, however, is very friendly and even a little messy. He always wants my attention, which can be annoying at times, especially when I am trying to cook or study. I thought that a cat would sleep all day, but my cat is much more energetic than I expected. If he does not go outside to frolic in the backyard, he starts to behave a bit neurotically. Obviously, my cat does not fit stereotype of the average cat.People also say that dogs are friendlier than cats, but I remembered a couple of my family dogs that were not friendly at all. Our Chihuahua was named Waster, and he did not like anyone. Every time someone rang our doorbell, he would bark ferociously to scare the visitor away. Once he even nipped at my grandmother! She never thought that all dogs were friendly after the experience. We also had another dog named Rover that used to bark loudly whenever the postal carrier came to deliver our mail. Even though our carrier never met our dog, I am certain that he knew Rover was not a friendly dog.Of course, I have known both cats and dogs that fulfill the stereotypes as well. My friend Mime had a cat that was so aloof and distant that I never saw it when I came to visit. No matter how many times I dropped by her house, the cat always hid itself under a bed. Likewise, my friend Jasper has a dog that is almost ridiculously friendly. It licks and licks and licks until I wish it were not quite friendly. How did these stereotypes about cats and dogs develop? As with most prejudices, hey reflect more about the people who express them than about what is true.Both cats and dogs make good pets, and both of them can make bad pets. It all depends on the individual animal, and no one should Judge an animal before getting to know Modern Music Technology : Downloading or Stealing? The recording industry is in a slump. Albums and CDC are not selling as much as they were several years ago, and this trend shows no sign of reversing. For the industry as a whole, profits are down ten percent within the last three years. What has caused this downward spiral for the music industry? The answer is the same piece of equipment with which I am writing this essay: the personal computer.There are three reasons that the computer has had a deleterious effect on the recording industry. Because of the popularity of sharing computer sound files, consumers no longer feel that they need to purchase music. Many people think it is morally acceptable-? not to mention convenient-?to download music files for free via file-sharing services. A couple of mouse-button clicks, and presto! Now you own on your own computer that catchy little tune that you have been humming. Then, it is Just a couple of more clicks until it is burned on a CD for you. With this level of convenience, it is easy to see why record companies are feeling the pinch. In addition, computers allow musicians to market and sell their own music. Musicians can record and create their own CDC at a relatively modest cost these days. Before the development of the personal computer, most musicians could not afford to record their own music, but now the costs are much more reasonable. For this reason, it makes less sense for musicians to give away a part of their profits to a cord company for activities that they can accomplish themselves.Furthermore, the recording industry bears some of the blame for its own problems simply because it has been recalcitrant about using personal computers to sell its products. It has long annoyed me that record companies primarily sell whole albums when only one of the songs is of interest to me. I do not like to waste my money on an entire album and then find out that the album has Just one good song on it. The recording industry should package and sell music in a way that consumers Ant and take advantage of personal computers to market songs to individual nonusers.If the downward trends in the recording industry continue, will there still be a recording industry? It is quite possible that the recording industry will die over time if it becomes no longer profitable to market and sell music. Performing artists might have to advertise themselves through smaller venues, and consumers might need to seek out new music if it is no longer marketed directly to them. The computer has brought about tremendous changes to the recording industry, and the industry will have to move quickly to retain its relevance in todays economy.

Text and Traditions Work Requirement One Historical Reconstruction Essay Example For Students

Text and Traditions: Work Requirement One Historical Reconstruction Essay Text and Traditions: Work Requirement One Historical ReconstructionMajor events in Jewish history to the first century AD1250 BC Fall of Jerusalem to the Romans. 931 BC Divided Kingdoms. 721 BC Fall of Samaria. We will write a custom essay on Text and Traditions: Work Requirement One Historical Reconstruction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 587 BC Fall of Jerusalem, Babylonian captivity. 333 BC Jews under Hellenistic rule. 63 BCJews under Roman rule. 70 ADFall of Jerusalem to the Romans. Major events between 50 BC 100 AD63 BC 40 BC Hyrcanus2 rules, but is subject to Rome. 41 BC 30 BC Antony Caesar Roman Emperor. 40 BC 37 BC Parathions conquer Jerusalem. 38 BC 4 BC Herod rules as king. Subject to Rome. 37 BCJerusalem besieged for 6 months. 32 BCHerod Defeated. 31 BC 14 AD Caesar Augustus Roman Emperor. 19 BCHerods Temple begun. 16 BCHerod visits Agrppa. 4 BCHerod dies; Archelaus succeeds. 37 AD 41 AD Caliguta Roman Emperor. 41 AD 54 AD Claudius Roman Emperor. 54 AD 68 AD Nero Roman Emperor. The first persecutor of Christians. 66 ADJews in Palestine tried to revolt. Were crushed byTitus. 69 AD 79 AD Vespasia Roman Emperor. He continued the persecution. 70 ADJewish temple destroyed. Small part of the wall leftstanding. 79 ADTitus Roman Emperor. Detailed analysis of major Jewish groups of the timePharisees The Pharisees were a group of Jews, that believed strongly against theadoption of Greek ways. They wanted to uphold and protect their fragile Jewishculture, from the Greek influence that was flooding into Israel at the time. They developed as haters of the tradition Greek ways, because of their customswere related to idolatry and immorality. They joined up with a group know as theHasmoneans and proceeded to conduct a rebellion against the Greek. After gainingreligious freedom, they then separated from their new partners, and formed thebreakaway party, known today as the Pharisees (meaning the separated). Theyhad extreme power in the synagogue, and eventually turned it into the center ofthe Jewish faith. This didnt last forever, as it was finally replaced by thetemple, erected by David. Saducees The Sadducees (Sons of Zadok) seemed to be a group of aristocraticpriestly families, that were powerful within the High Priesthood. They held amonopoly over all the High Priesthood positions and were also powerful in theSanhedrin. They came across as being a very selfish group that retained theirrights and traditions, and also trying to stay on the good side of the RomanEmpire. Unlike the Pharisees, they were rigid and closed in sect, and not opento change. When the Romans destroyed the temple, they disappeared and were neverheard from again. Zealots The Zealots were a group of radical extremists, that were the cause ofmany uprisings throughout their history, and eventually they lead a revoltagainst the Romans in 66-73 AD. To stop this, the Roman Emperor destroyed thethird temple, which lead to the end of the uprising. This not only lead to theirdownfall, but that of the Jews when they were crushed by Emperor Titus in 73 AD. Qumrans/Essenes They were an important Jewish group in the community around thetime of Jesus. Although it wasnt until 150 BC until they emerged, they livedtheir lives according to a strict set of beliefs and rules. To join the group athree year probationary period was imposed to new comers. Members were bound tokeep secret the doctrines and practices. Its is believed that John the Baptistwas and Essene, and had high connections to their community. The discovery ofthe Dead Sea Scrolls has shed a lot more light on the practices of the Essenes. These discoveries have proved that some Christian qualities and beliefs are anexact copy of that of the Qumrans/Essenes. Samaritans Samaritans originated from the area located between Judea and Galilee,when the Assyrian settlers intermarried with the Jews that lived there. Thepopulation created followed all the laws of Torah in their own special way, andconsidered themselves to be Jewish. The normal Jews did not accept this, asintermarriage between Jews and Gentiles was forbidden. Throughout the bible, ithas been documented that the Samaritans and the Jews were at each other throats,constantly. Analysis of major philosophical ideas of the timePlatonism Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher who taught in the periodbetween 427 and 347 BC. He reasoned that the senses cant be trusted, and thatone must use reason and maths, to solve problems and to guide oneself throughoutlife. Plato was a student of Socrates and throughout his works, he drew fromother Greek philosophies, although as time progressed, he developed an entirelydifferent philosophical form of thinking that became his own. Aristotelianism Aristotle was a Greek philosopher that was born nearly 400 yearBC. During his well documented life, he served as the tutor to Alexander theGreat and also wrote many papers on various topics such as Ethics, Physics andMetaphysics. Aristotle also developed theories on the human soul in relation togod. He represented it as a trinity of matter, being vegetable, animal and humanin nature, and proposed a non-abstract theory of form, where the initiator ofall existence is acknowledged as God. .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .postImageUrl , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:hover , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:visited , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:active { border:0!important; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:active , .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua14bd206cb26354e9265a06ea7bc35ca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thomas Jefferson1 EssayEpicureanism Epicurus set up a school in Athens that taught ethics, based on hiswritings and opinions, in the Hellenistic world. He proposed that the pursuit ofhappiness should be mans greatest concern, rather than modeling his life on thepleasing of gods and of the deeds needed to be completed for one to have apleasurable afterlife. His philosophy was that the pleasure seeking of mankind,would not only provide fulfilment for ones own self, but also lead to theadvancement and development of society in general. Stoicism Stoicism was a famous school of Hellenistic thought. Its teachings werenot just philosophical, but could be used by everyday people, in everyday life. The main goal for the tradition was to attain happiness and liberation fromemotion, through the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom. We can draw manycomparisons between the Christian faith and that of Stoicism. We can also seethe influence that the tradition had on many of the late Christian theologians. Mystery Cults/Religions The mystery cults originated from many places in thefirst century AD. They developed to replace the Olympic pantheons that werebecoming implausible and unsatisfying. The followers of these cults worshiped avariety of gods or philosophies, each with their own set of obscure rules andrituals. Secrecy played a great part in these cults (hence the name mysteryreligions) as one could incur the death sentence by revealing the mysteriesthrough speech, dance, pantomime, or any other form of communication. Althoughone can debate the point of having these religions, it does prove that the humansoul requires some form of religious worship, mainstream or otherwise. Gnosticism The Gnostics were a group/sect that existed in the first half of the20th century, and were thought to lead Christians astray by teachingmanipulations of the Gospel. The mixed the ideas of the Christians with that ofthe Greeks, producing a religion that wanted release from the prison of thisworld. It draws on the Jewish monldthum, Babylonian anthology and Iranian Deulum,and believes that light and darkness are entwined in a constant battle of cosmicrealms. First Century Roman JudeaSummary of major New Testament Christian LeadersPeter Peter was one of the first, and major disciples. Peters original name wasthe Heb. Simon. His fathers name was Jonah. He worked as a fisherman at the twoplaces of which he took residence: Beth-saida and Capernaum in Galilee. At theseplaces he was in contact with the gentiles. He was probably effected by John theBaptists movement. He was often the spokesperson for all the of the followersand friends. Before Pentecost it was Peter who took the lead role of educatingthe people and preaching the word of the bible. The church had made a largeimpact on the community, but it was Peter that was seen to be the hero andleader. He also was the first apostle to be associated with the Gentiles. Atthat time in history this move was bound to draw him a lot of criticism. Despitethis criticism Peter with some support from his friends was able to make someprogress in the acceptance of other racial groups. After the death of Stephen,Peters whereabouts and activities became very scarce. At one stage he wasimprisoned at Jerusalem and then later escaped. It has been thought that hetravelled through many cities, taking many brief jobs and participating in somereligious eventsJames James was one of the sons of Zebedee. Was a fisherman when called tobecome one of the twelve apostles with his brother John. These two along withPeter formed the inner circle of the apostles. This inner group was present atmost of the major events and were widely respected for their dedication andsheer faith. James was good friends with Jesus and with his brother John, wereadeptly nicknamed Boanerges, that is, sons of thunder. It was these two againthat cause a stir when requesting Jesus for a place in the Holy ChristsKingdom. The two were not promised this privilege, they continued to believe andhave the faith that would, in theory, get them there anyway. John John was the other son of Zebedee. Was the brother James (the son ofZebedee). It is also possible that John was the cousin of Jesus on his mothersside. As with his Brother James, he was present at many very significant eventson the history of Christianity. He was also sent by Jesus to prepare the finalpass over meal. John was the one that was probably the closest to Jesus, he wastrusted with responsibilities that Jesus himself had given him. .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .postImageUrl , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:hover , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:visited , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:active { border:0!important; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:active , .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37 .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uab629805454584c3e7889b9511438d37:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Renaissance Italys Decline EssayJames, brother of Jesus James was Jesuss younger brother who, along with hisother siblings, refused to accept Jesuss claims of authority before hisresurrection. He along with some of his close friends were a group which failedto accept the power and authority of Jesus before the resurrection. The effectthe resurrection had on James was unmistakable. He became the leader of theJewish-Christian Church at Jerusalem. The tradition stated that he was placedthe first leader of the faith by the lord himself. He remained leader of theChurch, by himself, for some time. He was still the leader when Paul visitedJerusalem for the last time. After re ceiving a death by stoning, James was namedthe just for his Jewish piety. James is also said to have described himself asa servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ. Paul (Saul of Tarsis) Paul was born in Tarsus a Roman citizen. After a simplebeginning Paul was only effected by preaching of Jesus after he had contact withthe risen Christ. Paul then spent the next three years preaching in Damascus. After some pressure from the Jews of the area, Paul fled to Jerusalem where hemet up with Barnabas. Barnabas then introduced Paul to the leaders ofChristianity. His stay only lasted a brief two weeks because several Jews weretrying to kill him. Retreating for some ten years, Barnabas contacted Paul andencouraged him to rejoin the now flourishing Gentile mission. Paul and Barnabaswere sent on a mission to establish Christianity in the area surrounding Cyprusand the S Galatia. Despite several set backs and violent outbursts the missionwas very successful with new territories become adapt to the Christian ways. Asone would expect the relationship between the Gentiles and the newly turnedJewish community was one that was tested often. Differing beliefs lead to anumber of verbal and physical conflicts and Barnabas and Paul were called uponto resolve these. They used the help and guidance of their elders and fellowChristians to help with their decisions. Paul once again set off through par tsof Europe to convert people to Christianity. This time Barnabas did not travelwith him because of a rift in there relationship. Paul discovered new friendthat he took with him through Greece and the surrounding parts. He helped set upa large amount of new mission which set the standard for others to grow by. Thenext area to converted was the lands of Asia. This goal was quickly accomplishedby Paul. He was then returned to Greece to help secure the faith there. It wasin the years that followed that he wrote several telling letters. This letterswere to become a crucial part of the Christian faith in years to come. Judas Iscariot Judas was a member of the 12 disciples, and was the one whobetrayed Jesus, which ended in his crucifixion. The opportunity came about whenJudas turned Jesus to the authorities. After the event, guilt was beset uponthis traitor. Unable to over come this guilt, his life ended in suicide. Judasis widely remember for his treachery and betrayal of the other eleven apostles. He was thought of as a man who was touched by Satan and influenced into evilways. He was bribed and accepted money to do evil deeds. He claimed this moneywould be used for the poor.. Barnabas Barnabas was born into a Jewish-Cypriot family. He a member of theJerusalem church, and as he progressed he became very serious about religion. Healso had a significant effect on several matters. He introduced a converted Saulto the main apostles, which lead to Saul being accepted after originally beingcalled an impostor. It was Barnabas who stuck up for the gentiles when they werebeing condemned. Barnabas thought the movement to accept the Gentiles as equalswas an act ignited by God and therefor took the side of God. Being a key member,he took a journey with Paul from Cyprus, to Asia minor, which was taken with thegoal of setting up a group of successful Gentile churches. Barnabas was alsoplaced in front of the Jerusalem council with Paul. Barnabas importance to theissue is clearly shown by the mere fact that he is mentioned before Paul inaccounts of the proceedings. BibliographySetting the scene, Goosen Thomlinson Jesus; Mystery and Surprise (Sydney: EJDywer, 1989)Philosophies, Elwell (ed.) Evangelical Dictionary of Theology (Grand Rapids:Baker Bookhouse, 1990)The New Bible Dictionary (Wheaton: Tyndale House Publishers Inc, 1962)Logos Bible Software v2.0 (Oakharbour: Logos Research System)World Book EncyclopediaWorld Wide Web (Internet)

On what grounds is the idea of universal human rights challenged

Despite the fact that they are not always put in place, the general notion of universal human rights is in the present day largely acknowledged worldwide. Even then, particular sections of the human rights policy are revealingly challenged by influential political players.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on On what grounds is the idea of universal human rights challenged? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human rights that articulate liberal ideals like non-discrimination, wide personal liberties and egalitarianism/ democracy expose the extent of this fact. Several communities which have political systems that are short of key liberal aspects and which as they acquire increased power end up challenging the norms of human rights. Even then, prospects of the liberal human rights don’t rely solely on the scales of supremacy between communities with diverse political systems. It also relies on the way communities with moderately tolerant political schemes respond to the challenge of non-tolerant schemes. Fastidiously, one main aspect is if advocators of liberal ideals believe they are vindicated to maintain these beliefs as universal human rights norms, or if they believe that some intolerant political applications ought to be esteemed internationally, the way that some liberals have debated. This paper aims at discussing whether liberal communities are ethically obligated to revere the multiplicity of political ideology as well as to get accustomed to human rights consequently. The paper will begin by elucidating in a few words the concept of liberal ideology in the way we decipher it here, and reveals the way the insertion of these philosophy’s in human rights is disputed in the present day. The paper will then scrutinize following a presentation, three protestations in opposition to liberal human rights. These are the significance of cooperative self-determination, the constricted international political task of human rights and the supposed parochialism of tolerant ideology. The synopsis is that not one of these doubts are realistic or credible. Contestation of liberal human rightsAdvertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"Liberalism†, as is the same with numerous other concepts, is construed by diverse authors in many different ways. Majority of liberals however, support three â€Å"normative political ideology† that we may refer to as â€Å"liberal principles†. These are: Esteem for wide personal liberties that was epitomized by Miller’s â€Å"harm principle†, of which a community may only limit the liberty of citizens in order â€Å"to prevent harm to others† (Miller, 2007, 14), as well as Habermas initial rule of justice that proclaims â€Å"each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total syst em of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.†(Habermas, 2001, 78). A sturdy belief of non-discrimination, of which all able adults must be accorded similar primary rights. The belief of democratic leadership, which stipulates that executive as well as legislative national influence eventually lies on systems that state all proficient grown-up citizens have identical official authority. These three principles founded claims in the revolution of democracy in Europe which started towards the close of the 18th century. The political organizations as well as legislation of the states aforementioned and several others have been fashioned by these beliefs. An essential reflection underlying tolerant doctrine is the fact that they articulate how coercive political establishments take care of their associates’ fairly and capitalize on the patience to diverse stances and principles. Individuals with diverse political as well as religious princ iples and also unlike schemes of life may dwell mutually such that the supremacy of a certain faction over the rest is diminished under liberal ideology. Modern intercontinental legislation on human rights allows for a sturdy dedication to liberal philosophy. An example is the – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights- (ICCPR) of 1966 which distinguishes several liberation privileges e.g. the free will of conscience, religious conviction and contemplation (art. 18), the choice of expression and view (art. 19) and the freedom of passive congregation and alliances (art. 21/22) Any sort of prejudice by the decree, be it because of lingo, race, belongings, religious convictions, color, societal or national derivation, gender, political or any other outlook, birth or any other status (art. 26) and it also requests for â€Å"sporadic and authentic voting which shall be by collective and identical suffrage † (art. 25). Differentiation of these tolerant human righ ts from other classes of human rights e.g. the right not to be persecuted and the right to living, rights to due process like fair trial and the rule of law as well as cultural, fiscal and communal rights like health care food and housing. To date, 167 nations are participants of ICCPR and have shown dedication to the provisos. Some moderate principles particularly are however occasionally debated in global discussions on human rights. Whereas basic security rights are mostly un-contentious, a few nations and agents have totally and openly queried if the rights of human beings should carry complete liberal principles.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on On what grounds is the idea of universal human rights challenged? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A case in point is whereby Asian nations stressed on â€Å"the implication of nationalized and area particularities and assorted chronological, cultural and devout bac kgrounds† in the Declaration on Human Rights in Bangkok in 1993 for the understanding of human rights , that was vastly seen as a disagreement mitigating sturdier limitations on moderate human rights e.g. partaking in polls or freedom of speech. Another example is the Organization of the Islamic Conference which has been piloting a global crusade opposing the slander of religions. Consequential declarations of the United Nations have been professed to hold up decrees barring profanity and as such limiting the tolerant right to freedom of expression (Freedom House 2010b). Nevertheless, non-interventionist human rights are not only disputed by countries that have not entirely acknowledged liberal doctrine, or by clandestine agents which do not recognize liberal philosophy. A strange attribute of existing political reflection is that even countless liberals do not acknowledge these ethics as a foundation for human rights. These liberals assert that freethinking doctrines are appo site for societies with liberal customs, but that it is not legal to incorporate them in collectively obligatory norms, given the assorted political ideals of unlike cultures. John Rawls is in all probability the liberal political philosopher who has for the largest part put emphasis on this issue. Mutua formulates a report of the ethics that would administer a â€Å"reasonably just Society of Peoples† (Mutua, 2002, 93). As piece of these ideology, he conveys a register of human rights which encompasses basic security rights, a number of liberty rights, some due process rights, and a fundamental social right, but which intentionally requires complete liberal rights. Human rights, according to Rawls interpretation, do not enclose complete liberty of conscience, fortification opposing discrimination, the freedoms of congregation, of alliance and of expression as well as a principle of egalitarian authority. Unlike Rawls as well as some other open-minded political theorists have defended the outlook that human rights- or another scheme of globally niting political norms- ought to incorporate liberal theories. Some examples are given by Geuss, Nussbaum and Jurgen Habermas. As a result, the prospect of liberal philosophy as a branch of documented worldwide human rights does not just rely on the equilibrium of power between nations with tougher and those with feebler liberal practice (Habermas, 1992, 112). It also depends on if liberals assume that it is ethically tolerable to maintain open-minded philosophy in generally binding worldwide law, or whether human rights ought to permit some element of derogation from liberal philosophy (Nussbaum, 2006, 74).Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this paper we will scrutinize a number of explanations that have been so far given for not including liberal philosophies for human rights or objections against liberal human rights. (Geuss, 2001, 48) We will need to question if these protestations are compelling within a normative argument on what philosophies nations may maintain as globally binding human right philosophies(Habermas, 2001, 59). Therefore the protestations petition mainly people who may be persuaded of the significance of intercontinental human rights and who embrace liberal political philosophies to be warranted in some communities, but who protest counting liberal ideology in human right standards (Nussbaum, 2000, 38). The three challenges that will be taken in account are not equally elite, but are often presented jointly and somewhat reinforce one other Moral challenges against liberal human rights The narrow international political role of human rights The rights of human beings are just not the ones that e ach person has like the aspect of human rights is perceived in lawful as well as open dialogues. Quite a number of authors stress the fact that the starting point of human rights is in intercontinental lawful manuscripts and they also dispute that it is indispensable of them that they perform a certain worldwide political function – a task â€Å"in practical reasoning about the conduct of global political life† (Beitz 2009, 99). A few authors have taken for granted that this function is relatively tapered and customized to particular uses. As an example Walzer pointed out that: â€Å"I will take human rights to be rights which set limits to the sovereignty of states, in that their actual or anticipated violation is a (defeasible) reason for taking action against the violator in the international arena, even when – in cases not involving violation of either human rights or the commission of other offences – the action would not be permissible, or normativ ely available on the grounds that it would infringe the sovereignty of the state.† (Walzer, 2007, 109). Accordingly, Walzer puts forth, the rights of human beings are somewhat distinct by the justifiable intercontinental fines that may ensue as nations contravene them. Human right by explanation, are norms that, in case are infringed or contravened, call for actions that would in normal situations flout the autonomy of a nation i.e., comprise a case of intercession into another country. A soaring threshold is set-up by this situation that a right must attain so as to meet the criteria as a human right. The philosophy of non-involvement is among the fundamental main beliefs of global decree. It deters commonly the intimidation as well as the use of force of one nation against others and other acts like intervening in relations among a country’s government institutions, prying in political actions like showing preferences to certain contenders in polls, and debatably fisc al as well as political intimidation. For both the firmness of the global order as well as the lives of the people who are threatened, it is quite apparent that intercession mainly by using force has prospectively severe outcomes. As such, through the present global order that comprises of autonomous nations, intercession may be conceivably only be (ethically) permitted if certain offences of a severe nature are carried out. It may then be debated that infringements of liberal philosophies do not warrant â€Å"prima facie† included the prospective errors arising from intercession such that liberal ideology may not be embraced in human rights. The key supposition forming the dispute however does not appear justified. Barry claims that his view of the concept of human rights reflects the â€Å"dominant trend in human rights practice† (Barry, 2001, 37). The global political practice of the rights of humans is made up of a wide range of varieties of political acts of which quite a number do not comprise of involvement. Charles Beitz spotlighted this actuality. Beitz lists six well-established types of international action in support of human rights (Beitz 2009, 33-40). Duress by fiscal sanctions or armed forces involvement is the only kind that is categorized as foreign involvement. The rest which are five and are the auditing and reporting procedures in United Nations organizations, enticement in foreign guidelines e.g. by conditioning support on human rights values, backing in developing the state of affairs of human rights, pressuring social culture players, as well as the elimination of worldwide hindrances to the realization of human rights. Although they create a key segment of global political acts that are pro-human rights, the effectualness of these sorts of acts remains uncertain. The tangible practice of human rights hardly goes against autonomy of a nation but in most cases pleas to the country’s political organizations, in so doin g supposing that this nation shows autonomous power across its regions. This outcome is affirmed by the acknowledgement of human rights norms in global decree. States have freely assumed their legal obligation to comply with human rights norms, but they have been reluctant to justify intervention, even in especially grave cases of human rights violations (Ipsen 2004, 1085). Assumptions may be made that rights are by explanation, norms for which there is an active machinery to impose them. Unfortunately, the global decree does not comprehend it as such. Consequently, it is impossible to get an unambiguous report regarding the outcomes that may be warranted where there is infringement of human rights. Practically, nations only have to go through critics and symbolic acts. Proposals hereby exert that human rights role in global practices of politics is majorly that one of an ethical one. With the idea of human rights, the general consensus is that they ought to be acknowledged openly a s global binding norms and that they fit in a worldwide ethical discussion on political action. The rationalization of liberal human rights ought to tackle substantive ethical contemplation. Western parochialism An ethical criticism that has time and again been raised in opposition to liberal human rights is that they are â€Å"Western† and thus cannot be in universal norms, applicable in each and every state, as well as those having a non-Western cultural tradition. For instance, Makau Mutua talks of â€Å"cultural biases of the human rights corpus† which is derived from â€Å"liberal theory and philosophy† (Mutua 2002, 23). similarly, Ingelhart asserts that his listing of human rights, which does not have central liberal principles, encompass the virtue that it isn’t â€Å"special to the Western tradition† thus not â€Å"politically parochial†. (Ingelhart, 2003, 45). This path of criticism bases on empirical assertions concerning the origi n of liberal principles as well as the support that they get from different cultural traditions all over the world. Generally, it is definitely true that liberal principles have found strong expressions from the Western political thought and that many views of citizens have been shaped. Societies from the west; however, liberal principles aren’t the exclusive heritage of Western cultures although it is obvious that in a number of societies liberal principles are almost not accepted, within political societies and amongst citizens. But what is exactly the reason behind these empirical observations being relevant for normative questions regarding the content of human rights? How precisely are we supposed to understand the argument behind the charge of â€Å"Western parochialism†? Lastly what may be the standard which human rights norms have to attain for it to be justified? Different ways in which the argument may be understood have been sidelined. For our case, we are g oing to focus on two possible explanations.To begin with, the argument may be that only the norms that are shared in every culture can be capable of being justified as universal norms of human rights. Basing on this standard of validation, the members in all the cultures have got to in a certain way already assent toward the norms that are entailed in the human rights. If a certain norm doesn’t find universal assent by a particular culture’s members, it can’t be a norm which is relevant to them, and for this reason is unsuitable as a universal norm of the human rights. This standard of validation can be defended by Michael Walzer when he declares that the universal morality that allows cross-cultural criticism consists of â€Å"reiterated features† of the moralities of each and every culture, whereby the features have to â€Å"actually be shared across a society† (Walzer 2007, 10/27) as well as the support that they get from different cultural trad itions all over the world. Generally, it is definitely true that liberal principles have found strong expressions from the Western political thought and that many views of citizens have been shaped. Societies from the west; however, liberal principles aren’t the exclusive heritage of Western cultures although it is obvious that in a number of societies liberal principles are almost not accepted, within political societies and amongst citizens. However, it can’t be a satisfactory standard of verification for human rights norms to necessitate that they have got to be shared in each and every culture. As a matter of fact, Charles Beitz has asserted, it should be the role of human rights to be critical standards of all the social practices (Beitz 2009, 78). It is obligatory to be possible for all of them to be critical of all the practices endorsed by the cultures where they take place. Slavery, the implementation of heretics as well as forced marriages have entirely been endorsed practices by particular cultures at specified times. If the projected standard of rationalization is prior agreement, then what we have to give up is the idea of human rights. Although the charge of the â€Å"Western parochialism† may be understood in a different way, beginning with Joshua Cohen’s discussion concerning the justificatory basis of human rights norms. As Cohen attests, all human rights are generally applicable norms and need to be construed in a manner that they are acknowledged by people from different philosophical and religious traditions (Cohen, 2008, 96). This condition doesn’t mean that human rights ought to be acceptable by all religious and philosophical traditions. The condition only suggests that human rights norms ought to be acceptable for all the people who embrace diverse and different religious as well as philosophical views. They are supposed to aim at being acceptable to a great variety of all these views. Basing on this, Cohen argues for â€Å"justificatory minimalism† that follows according to his presentation: Justificatory minimalism is animated by an acknowledgement of pluralism and embrace of toleration. It aspires to present a conception of human rights without itself connecting that conception to a particular ethical or religious outlook; it minimizes theoretical aspirations in the statement of the conception of human rights with the aim of presenting a conception that is capable of winning broader public allegiance — where the relevant public is global. (Cohen 2004, 192) Basing on this presentation, justificatory minimalism makes of 2 central justifications. To begin with, human rights norms need to aim at â€Å"winning broader public allegiance† channeled to them. For the reason that people all round the world encompass different religious and ethical views, human rights need to recognize pluralism of these views furthermore strive to abide by them. subsequently, this e ntails a consequence that â€Å"theoretical aspirations in the statement of the conception of human rights† ought to be minimized. It is indeed possible to comprehend human rights norms indevoid of reference to a certain â€Å"philosophical theory†. At present, Cohen doesn’t argue in opposition to liberal human rights. But he proposes that an argument against liberal human rights can be capable of having some plausibility, given justificatory minimalism. Ingelhart may perhaps provide a paradigm: The Law of Peoples does not say, for example, that human beings are moral persons and have equal worth in the eyes of God; or that they have certain moral and intellectual powers that entitle them to these rights. To argue in these ways would involve religious or philosophical doctrines that many decent hierarchical peoples might reject as liberal or democratic, or as in some way distinctive of Western political tradition and prejudicial to other cultures (Ingelhart, 200 3, 241). Ingelhart asserts in his book that liberal principles rest on specified metaphysical doctrines concerning human beings’ status or else on fundamental doctrines regasrding their moral values. The doctrines are, seemingly, â€Å"distinctive of Western political tradition†; other societies have come up intensely with different doctrines. Universal political norms need to be interpreted a way that is adherent to typical Western as well as non-Western doctrines similarly their importance need to be understood. Nevertheless, it is likely to explain liberal principles in such a way that is consistent to â€Å"justificatory minimalism†. As Cohen clarifies, justificatory minimalism â€Å"is animated by an acknowledgement of pluralism and embrace of toleration.† Precisely, it recognizes a plurality of diverse â€Å"ethical or religious outlooks†. As a result, the tolerance approved by justificatory minimalism is intended for these different â€Å"o utlooks†. Therefore, justificatory minimalism bases on a fundamental value that is intended for getting common rules that are accepted by lots of people from diverse ethical and religious outlooks. At present, in nearly all societies, there isn’t any unanimity regarding to these outlooks. This doesn’t signify that cultural and religious disparities are at all times strongly present in social life, other than some people whose outlook differs from the view of the majority. Consequently, the plurality of both ethical and religious outlooks doesn’t just exist among diverse societies all round the world. It also subsists in societies. We can at this moment notice that the underlying value of justificatory minimalism is similar to the value underlying liberal political principles. As mentioned before, liberal principles try to tolerate different attitudes and beliefs. They give out conditions that govern the domination of a particular set of ideas by any other particular set. Justificatory minimalism bases on the same value of tolerance; it only moves the concentration from smaller-scale conflicts amongst the members of the societies to large-scale political conflicts amongst societies. For individuals who are truly concerned about tolerance towards different outlooks, it shouldn’t matter in principle whether conflicts occur either within or between the societies. Therefore, liberal principles aren’t inevitably tied to particularly Western religious or philosophical traditions. Their appeal can be interpreted by any person who recognizes the plurality of ethical and religious traditions and also embraces the value of tolerance. Basing on this sense, liberal principles aren’t parochial. The value of mutual self-determination Critics of liberal human rights repeatedly create a further objection: liberal human rights are not compatible with acknowledging the value of self-determination collectively. For instance, Mutua a ttests against the full freedom of religion as part and parcel of human rights by asserting that â€Å"the most fundamental of all human rights is that of self-determination †¦ Any right which directly conflicts with this right ought to be void to the extent of that conflict.† (Mutua 2002, 108) How precisely might self-determination be at variance with liberal human rights? The subsequent argument may be made: given that a society is self-determined politically, others should respect the political norms carried out within the society since they have been freely chosen by the citizens. Societies upholding liberal human rights norms do not succeed to give the respect owing to all those self-determined societies that don’t accept liberal principles. As a result, not everybody should support liberal human rights. Further clarifications are required approximately two aspects regarding to this argument. First and foremost, what’s here the behind the idea of colle ctive self-determination? An individual may perhaps liken the notion to the principle of self-determination of peoples within the international law. But self-determination collectively and legally, doesn’t correspond to the sense of self-determination that is needed in the argument. Various aspects of the legal principle turn out to be controversial, nevertheless it is approved that it is associated to the obligation of non-intervention in cases where people have attained statehood in its legitimate territory (Ipsen, 2004, 394). As we have previously seen, the obligation of non-intervention doesn’t necessarily disagree with universal human rights practices, for instance, public criticism different states. Consequently, if liberal human rights are solely backed up by milder forms of international pressure that doesn’t total up to â€Å"intervention†, there isn’t any conflict amongst them and self-determination legally. So the perception of collectiv e self-determination as argued above has to be different from legal self determination. It must be a moral notion that includes more duties as compared the legal principle. Debatably, Gould defends self-determination as a moral value when she denotes: â€Å"self-determination, duly constrained by appropriate conditions, is an important good for a people, and the foreign policy of liberal peoples should recognize that good and not take the appearance of being coercive.† (Gould, 2006, 99) The self-determination of a people tends to be â€Å"good†, here for instance, as a value that needs to be recognized by other peoples. To be certain, Goulds’ remarks with full respect to coercion advocaes that acknowledging this value implies only paying respect to the principle of non-intervention. Actually, this value needs to justify duties that are strong. For instance, Barry argues that single states as well as international institutions should not offer incentives to the o ther countries to take over liberal institutions. Barry puts emphasis on â€Å"the great importance of maintaining mutual respect between peoples and of each people maintaining its self-respect† (Barry, 2003, 68). Maintaining common human rights norms, that necessitate societies to take on specified political principles, seemingly refutes respect to societies that don’t accomplish the norm. Basing on Barry, we may possibly suggest that the value of collective self-determination offers the other societies a motive to â€Å"respect† self- determining societies. Here is the second aspect of the objection regarding collective self-determination that requires clarification: basing on which circumstances can a society be assumed to be self-determined? It appears that the only way a society can be self-determined is if it is in one way or another governed by the combined will of all its members. This conflicts to being subjected to either an outsiders will or of part o f its members. But this condition should be of which strength? It is seemingly controversial whether self-determination necessitates everybody having equal formal powers in political procedures, thus the principle of democratic governance. We don’t have to settle this issue here. What we need to assume is that a self-determined society could possibly adopt political practices that in one way or another defy a number of liberal principles. In addressing the argument that has been presented above, that seeks to attest that the value of collective self-determination gives a reason that contrasts to liberal human rights. Basing on the fact that we are primarily addressing the supporters of human rights although denying the universality of liberal principles, we can possibly assume that the moral petition of the value of collective self determination depends on the respect for decisions absorbed by the peoples’ members. While paying respect to the self- determined decisions of a people, we eventually respect the options of individuals that was composed by the people. Now, a procedure in incorporated for every collective decision that accepts different views of individuals as not only an input but also a common decision as an output. In a number of cases, the verdict could be liberally accepted by almost all of the individuals, but usually collective verdicts are taken that conflict to the will of most of the members. Additionally, there isn’t any procedural guarantee that the result of a decision procedure is fair. Even the procedures that execute strict but real conditions of procedural fairness tend to yield choices that turn out to be significantly unfair, in the view of defenders of liberal principles. Given such cases, defenders of liberal principles face problems. They can’t accept the fact that the society is self-determined as a satisfying motive to respect the collective decision since they carry that respect is in due course ow ed to the individuals, but not collectively as a whole. Once respect is eventually guaranteed to the individuals, an individual needs to realize the fact that most people encompass different notions regarding the end collective decision, thus an individual needs to owe respect to all the sides of the controversy moreover come up with a reasoned option regarding the side that deserves respect especially when all things are considered. When thinking that while making such reasoned choices, the decision made collectively is substantially unfair to those individual on only one side of the, then this must be a good motive for taking sides along with them and as well not respecting the decision. So far, they are believed as moral defenders by the defenders of liberal principles. This is contrasted to local customs, they’ll be dedicated to seeing each and every violation of liberal principles as a significantly unfair treatment of particular society members. as a result, they have w ith them a very good reason that allows them not to respect collective decisions that defy liberal principles. However, an individual may possibly argue out that this particular reason is overshadowed by stronger countervailing motives. To be specific, an individual may possibly declare that all of the individuals who seem to be treated unfairly must have made free alternatives, that in one way or another validate expecting from them to tolerate the burdens substantial to these decisions. The following are some of the reasons of this kind. One of the reasons is that an individual could possibly mention as a matter of fact is that these individuals reside in certain societies in devoid of being forced to do so. As a matter of fact, if they were truthfully unhappy from the collective decisions absorbed within their society, then they would certainly leave. However this argument supposes that individuals can relocate in other societies. This is almost not true. Most of the countries in corporate restrictive immigration policies; furthermore there are cultural as well as economic barriers against migration. Therefore, the likelihood of emigration can’t be a satisfactorily strong motive to anticipate from them to tolerate the burdens of unfair collective decisions within their society. Another reason could possibly be the fact that individuals take part in the collective decision- making of all the people. Irrespective of the unfairness of the outcome, an individual may imagine that they’re dedicated to the outcome since they have implicitly agreed to the procedures. However it isn’t clear why it should be the case ( with the exclusion of a problem that specific persons may decide to boycott collective decision- making based on uneven conditions). It is not irrational and immoral to take part in the political processes even though an individual isn’t disposed to agree to certain outcomes. Taking part in collective decision-making, and ack nowledging temporarily the procedures based upon while taking these decisions, is the sole likelihood they’ve to not only express their views but also manipulate the collective decisions in a calm and peaceful way. We can’t embrace their involvement against them. In conclusion, the outlined reasons aren’t convincing. The value of collective self-determination doesn’t provide us with satisfying reasons to respect illiberal political practices in different societies. Conclusion In a synopsis, it can be stated that we have scrutinized three objections compared with including liberal philosophy in global human rights norms: the tapered political part of human rights, the supposed Western parochialism of liberal ideology, as well as the worth of mutual self-determination. All these objections failed to elucidate proof of a persuasive argument. For as long as there are no other persuasive challenges facing liberal human rights, protecters of liberal doctrines h ave no principled ethical reason to keep off from maintaining liberal principles as part of global human rights norms. References Barry, B. (2001). Culture and equality: An egalitarian critique of multiculturism.  Cambridge: Polity Press. Beitz, C. R. (2009). The idea of human rights. Oxford: Cassese. Cohen, J. (2004). Minimalism About Human Rights: The Most We Can Hope For? In:  Journal of Political Philosophy 12. 190-213. Cohen, J. L. (2008). Rethinking Human Rights, Democracy, and Sovereignty in the Age  of globalization. Political theory 36. 578-606 . Freedom house. (2010b). Poilcing belief: The impact of blasphemy laws on human  rights. New York. Geuss, R. (2001). History of illusion in politics. London: Cambridge. Gould, C. C. (2006). Self-Determination Beyond Sovereignty: Relating Transnational  democracy to local autonomy. journal of social philosophy 37. 44-60. Habermas, J. (1992). Faktizità ¤t und Geltung. Beitrà ¤ge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demok. Frankfurt: ratischen rechtsstaats. Habermas, J. (2001). Zur legitimation durch Menchenrechte. Hauke Bronkhorst , 386-403. Ingelhart, P. N. (2003). The true clash of civilization. Foreign Policy 135 , 62-70. Ipsen, K. (2004). Volkerrecht. Frankfurt: Frankfurt M. Mutau, M. (2002). Human Rights: A Political and cultural critique. New York: Blackwell. Miller, D. (2007). National responsibility and global justice. London: Oxford. Nussbaum, M. C. (2006). Frontiers of Justice. Disability, Nationality, Species  Membership. Cambridge: MA/ London. Nussbaum, M. C. (2000). Women and human development: The capabilities approach.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Walzer, J., N. (2007). Making sense of human rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 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Diferencias entre asilo político y refugiado

Diferencias entre asilo polà ­tico y refugiado Los casos de refugiados y de asilados polà ­ticos tienen las mismas causas,sin embargo, la tramitacià ³n del reconocimiento de ambos estatus es muy diferente, por lo que es importante distinguirlas. En la actualidad, ms latinoamericanos obtienen la aprobacià ³n de estatus de asilado que de refugiado. El Salvador es el à ºnico paà ­s de la regià ³n cuyos nacionales sacan ambos estatus –asilado y refugiado– en nà ºmeros relevantes. Quià ©nes pueden solicitar ser refugiado o pedir asilo polà ­tico en EE.UU. Parte de la confusià ³n entre estos dos estatus nace del hecho de que tanto con el asilo como con la figura del refugiado se protege a la misma clase de personas. Es decir, a los personas que no pueden o no quieren regresar a su paà ­s de origen porque han sido perseguidas o tienen razones fundadas de llegar a serlo por cualquiera de las razones siguientes: RazaReligià ³nNacionalidadMembresà ­a de un grupo social (como por ejemplo gays, lesbianas o transexuales)Opinià ³n polà ­ticaPor haber sido obligados a ser esterilizados o a abortar. O sufrir persecucià ³n por haberse negado. Diferencias en pedir asilo y condicià ³n de refugiado Una de las principales es el lugar en el que se encuentra la persona que sufre persecucià ³n. Para solicitar el estatus de refugiado es obligatorio encontrarse fuera de Estados Unidos. Adems, el solicitante estar fuera de su paà ­s. A este à ºltimo requisito hay excepciones muy limitadas y establecidas expresamente por el Presidente de Estados Unidos. En la actualidad sà ³lo pueden solicitar el estatus de refugiado desde dentro de su propio paà ­s los cubanos, los ciudadanos de paà ­ses que formaron parte de la Unià ³n Sovià ©tica e Irak. Son circunstancias muy excepcionales y en inglà ©s son denominadas in-country processing. Los candidatos al estatus de refugiado son procesados en una primera fase por uno de los 9 Centros de Apoyo a la Reubicacià ³n (RSC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), que tiene Estados Unidos en diferentes puntos del planeta. La mayorà ­a de ellos han llegado a un RSC porque han sido remitidos por el Alto Comisionado de Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados, una Embajada de los Estados Unidos o una organizacià ³n no gubernamental. Otros llegan porque forman parte de un grupo calificado de especial preocupacià ³n humanitaria y, finalmente, los casos de reunificacià ³n familiar. Cuando toda la informacià ³n es recabada sobre el candidato, la misma se envà ­a al USCIS a Estados Unidos, que es quien debe aprobar la solicitud. El à ºltimo paso corre a cargo de una agencia de reubicacià ³n en EE.UU. que ser la encargada de apoyar al refugiado cuando se le autorice a viajar. Por el contrario, el asilo se solicita o bien en un puerto de entrada nada ms llegar (aeropuerto, puerto marà ­timo o frontera terrestre) ante un oficial de inmigracià ³n,(CBP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), o bien ya una vez dentro de Estados Unidos. En este à ºltimo caso la peticià ³n debe presentarse dentro del aà ±o siguiente a haber llegado al paà ­s. A esta regla de los 365 dà ­as se admiten excepciones muy raramente cuando las circunstancias en el paà ­s de origen cambian dramticamente. Cabe destacar que algunos migrantes presentes en EE.UU. con TPS podrà ­an calificar para solicitar asilo porque en el caso de esta proteccià ³n especial el calendario de 1 aà ±o se considera congelado en la fecha en la que se le aprobà ³ el TPS por primera vez.  ¿Cuntos refugiados y asilados admite EE.UU.? En el aà ±o fiscal 2018, EE.UU. admitià ³ un total de 22.491 refugiados. Los 10 paà ­ses con mayor nà ºmero de refugiados fueron: Congo (8.883)Myanmar (3.555)Ucrania (2,635)Butn (2,228)Eritrea (1,269)Afganistn (805)El Salvador (739)Paquistn (441)Rusia (437)Etiopà ­a (376) Para el aà ±o fiscal 2019 el presidente Donald Trump ha fijado en 30.000 el nà ºmero mximo de refugiados que pueden ingresar al paà ­s. Los à ºltimos datos disponibles sobre asilo son el aà ±o fiscal 2016, segà ºn los cuales se aprobaron 20.458 estatus de asilo polà ­tico de los que 11.729 fueron asilos afirmativos, es decir, solicitudes aprobadas por USCIS. En 8.726 casos fueron asilos defensivos, es decir, aprobados por las cortes de inmigracià ³n o el Tribunal de Apelaciones migratorias (BIA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Los paà ­ses con mayor nà ºmero de casos aprobados fueron: China: 4.500El Salvador: 2.148Guatemala: 1.943Honduras: 1.513Mà ©xico: 920 En la actualidad hay ms de 733.000 solicitudes de asilo pendientes, estimndose en 721 dà ­as la media de espera para la vista (hearing, en inglà ©s). Informacià ³n para los trmites de asilo En los casos de asilo se estima que los solicitantes pierden en el 90 por ciento de las veces en las que no estn representados por un abogado. Por lo tanto, es extremadamente importante contar con uno con experiencia y buena reputacià ³n. La AILA es la organizacià ³n de EE.UU. sobre abogados migratorios y en su base de datos se pueden encontrar letrados por lugar y por tipo de especialidad migratoria. Adems, numerosas organizaciones de apoyo a migrantes brindan ayuda o referencia a buenos abogados. Se recomienda tomar este test de respuestas mà ºltiples sobre asilo para familiarizarse sobre los puntos principales de este estatus. Puntos Clave: diferencias entre asilo polà ­tico y condicià ³n de refugiado Causas de asilo y condicià ³n de refugiado: haber sido perseguido o tener razones fundadas de que si el solicitante regresa a su paà ­s ser perseguido por su raza, opinià ³n polà ­tica, religià ³n, pertenencia a un grupo social o nacionalidad o por razones de esterilizacià ³n o aborto forzado. ¿Dà ³nde se pide la condicià ³n de refugiado?: fuera de EE.UU. El trmite lo inicia un RSC, en la mayorà ­a de los casos el solicitante ha sido remitido por el Alto Comisionado de Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados. ¿Dà ³nde se solicita asilo polà ­tico?: en la frontera de EE.UU. o en el interior del paà ­s, dentro del plazo de un aà ±o a contar desde el dà ­a del ingreso, salvo circunstancias especiales.Nà ºmero de refugiados admitido por EE.UU. en 2018: 22.491. Para el 2019 el presidente Trump ha establecido una cifra mxima de 30.000Nà ºmero de asilos aprobados: 20.455 (segà ºn à ºltimos datos publicados oficialmente, que son del aà ±o fiscal 2016) Este artà ­culo es informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Request For Proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Request For - Research Proposal Example The research will take place in the next two weeks following the defined steps of undertaking a research project. In order to carry out an effective research on the identified subject named Malcolm X, the initial step is selecting both the primary and the secondary sources that offer relevant information concerning him. After identifying the relevant sources through an effective appraisal technique, consultation with the different sources will follow in a bid to gather information that will be used in developing a rough draft of the research paper. Prior to writing the rough draft, an outline will be developed to serve as a guideline in defining the core ideas of the paper. After developing the rough draft, it will be presented to the supervisor for approval. If approved, the rough draft will be used in writing the final research paper (Terrill 67). In order to undertake my project successfully, I will rely on the help of certain individuals who will play critical roles in ensuring that I produce a quality research paper. Notably, it is difficult for an individual to produce a quality research paper while working individually. Therefore, seeking professional help as well as soliciting ideas from colleagues is critical. One of the individual who will be involved in developing the research paper is the supervisor. After identifying my subject/topic to be explored in the research paper, his approval will be needed. Moreover, the supervisor will take the responsibility of reading the rough draft, making corrections and presenting recommendations on improving the quality of the paper. Librarians will also form significant contributors to the success of my research project. This is because their help in identifying the relevant materials to be used as references will be an integral part in the initial stages. Notably, developing a qu ality research paper requires primary sources and the librarians will ensure that I have access to

Career Coaching & Personal Development Assignment

Career Coaching & Personal Development - Assignment Example The week’s lecture involved the use of questionnaire one of which had been prepared by our lecturer. The module highlighted Person-environment (P-E) fit theory of organizational behavior, which forms the basis for assessing and predicting our personality, determine our skills and our preferable careers. The first questionnaire was about scoring myself on my skill. We first filled a questionnaire followed by adding up our scores. I scored highest on People Skills, which suggested that I like carrying out activities such as management, guiding others, in addition to activities that require persuasiveness.These traits suggested that my preferable careers were management, as well as other jobs in the field of business. This was encouraging since I had never considered myself persuasive. These findings made me realize that I had more potential than I had previously thought and needed to be open-minded since I could do other jobs other than management. The next questionnaire was on Career Directions Indication, which was based on the model of John Holland in the form of a hexagon, depicting the six different personalities or themes, which include Realistic, Investigative, Artistic Social, Enterprising, and conventional. People who share the same personality prefer working together and have a specific work environment in which they perform best.   Holland’s model is based on Person-environment (P-E) fit theory and denotes the congruence, match, or connection between the personalities and environment. Understanding one's personality is important in that it helps one choose a career that provides the appropriate environment.  It was intriguing to learn that all individuals may be associated with this model of personality types and that one can fall in up to three of these themes. The model is hexagonal and the different personalities are arranged such that personality types that are neighbouring share some similarities while those lying oppositely diff er more. I eagerly completed the questionnaire and the results proposed that I fall into is ‘Enterprising’, ‘Social’ and ‘conventional’ themes. This was captivating since the three personality types lie adjacent to each other. Being in enterprising category meant that I prefer managerial and sales type of jobs, which is true.

Responsibilities of parenthood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Responsibilities of parenthood - Essay Example And all of the above values and etiquettes are well inculcated by kids during common meal times. Thus, importance of having meal (and more preferably "dinner" because of its end of the day aura) together as a whole family is quite beneficial for children in terms of nutritional richness of food provided and the family conversation at the dining table. As cited from Rocketts article [1]: "Family dinner has been identified as a foundation of healthful food choices, possibly because of the higher quality of food served and the family conversations at the dinner table about healthful eating."[1] Family dinner has been from historical point of view important for that "special" interaction between its members that makes the bond between them stronger and everlasting in times of distress or threat. From the children's point of view, family dinners are important to understand the family values as well as other family members. meals together send the message that citizenship in a family entails certain standards beyond individual whims. This is where a family builds its identity and culture. Legends are passed down, jokes rendered, eventually the wider world examined through the lens of a family's values. In addition, younger kids pick up vocabulary and a sense of how conversation is structured [4]. The meal time ritual is important for both its social a... There are other benefits of taking the last meal of the day together, as explained; family dinner has opposite effect on weight gaining ability of adolescent children [1]. The direct relation is still under research (as of when the article was written), but taking a meal with family ensures a healthy and appropriate amount of meal goes inside children and adequate eating habits are formed from childhood itself. However, all is not said and done regarding family issues. There are many variables involved in the working of homes and families & every individual has to mould him/herself according to the circumstances prevalent at home. Double-income parents who have evening meetings that take them away from the table, workaholic spouses who don't come home at all, ringing telephone and last-but not the least- those ghastly memories of how children particularly when they are very small, behave when theyre at the table [3]. Historical aspect of family dinner [4] Back in the really olden days, dinner was seldom a ceremonial event for U.S. families. Only the very wealthy had a separate dining room. For most, meals were informal, a kind of rolling refueling; often only the men sat down. Not until the mid--19th century did the day acquire its middle-class rhythms and rituals; a proper dining room became a Victorian aspiration. When children were 8 or 9, they were allowed to join the adults at the table for instruction in proper etiquette. By the turn of the century, restaurants had appeared to cater to clerical workers, and in time, eating out became a recreational sport. [4]. Family dinner can be a respite from the hectic lives of family members to gather for a meal; it can improve the diet of the

Water Pollution In Rural Areas Environmental Sciences Essay

Water Pollution In Rural Areas Environmental Sciences Essay Water is a vital commodity and is essential to the natural environment. We not only rely on it for drinking but also for its use in industrial processes, cooking, cleaning and the growing of our food. There are many sources of water pollution the major sources of water pollution being; runoff, agricultural pollution, urban stormwater, organic matter, toxic waste, and thermal pollution (The Environment Agency 2010). These types of pollution tend to be area specific (for example agricultural runoff will on the whole come from rural areas as thats were most farms are situated) although this is not always the case, any type of water pollution could occur in any area rural or urban. Rural and urban areas both have many contrasting sources of pollution, all of which will have varying affects on the surrounding environment and its habitants. Although the environment which makes up Urban and rural areas can be vastly different they can at the same time be affected by the same environmental problems relating to water pollution. One example of this is eutrophication of waterways both rural and urban. Eutrophication is a situation when foreign bodies such as fertilizers of sewage enter a river or stream and act as a nutrient for algae causing rapid growth and algal blooms (May Sivakumar 2009). These algae grow out of control and thus the water becomes depleted in oxygen. The water becomes depleted in oxygen because dead algae sink to the river bed the retrieve the oxygen so it can decompose. This can then lead to further problems if too much algae decomposes it may use all the oxygen. This will mean all the oxygen has gone and because the water near the surface of the water is warmer its oxygen doesnt mix with water from the bottom as its colder and has a higher density .This eutrophication of a water body can occur in both rural and urban areas. In an urban area this problem arises primarily from sewage treatment works, if a works has an increased amount of sewage to treat then there may be some secondary or direct discharge that may enter the water supply thus causing Eutrophication (Neal et al, .2010). A similar problem can occur when leaks of phosphorus from septic tanks discharges into a local river system (Neal et al,.2010) although this isnt tied down to either rural or urban areas .This is also very likely to occur in rural areas where agriculture is more prominent and the uses of fertilizers are increased. Particularly in the following practices of cereal production, maize, potato and dairy production where fertilizers are heavily used or large amount of manure needs to be recycled. (Jarvie et.al 2009) One of the biggest problems which can lead to the pollution of urban waterways is runoff. Runoff is also a major cause for concern in more rural areas and areas of intense agriculture. The problem of runoff in urban areas however is contrasting to rural agricultural runoff. In the sense that runoff in urban areas arises from garden fertilizers, pesticides, anti-icing chemicals, vehicle emissions and pet waste. These pollutants are both organic and inorganic and can also be perversely complex, this leads to little knowledge of how these pollutants will interact once they combine and enter a water body. Due to the little knowledge of these interactions it makes it increasingly difficult for an amount allowable discharged concentration to be devised (Kuhl et.al 2010). These pollutants runoff into any local water system via tarmac or pavement areas and because of the increase in tarmac and concrete roads and driveways it makes this pollution easier to reach the water. This non permeable surface which is found more so in urban areas not only makes it easier for any pollutants to travel into water systems , but it also increases the risk of flooding and the risk of storm water moving sewage into freshwater. In rural areas this isnt such a prevalent problem as most rural areas are permeable. Although because of this it makes the control and identification of runoff in rural areas much more difficult to locate. Runoff in rural areas is usually linked to agricultural runoff. This is categorized as nonpoint-source pollution because the pollutants involved originate over larger areas and the entry of this pollution into waterways cannot be pin pointed precisely (which is not the case for some sources of urban pollution). As this rural agricultural runoff is nonpoint-source it means any treatment of pollutants entering any water system is almost impossible, although agricultural runoff can be supervised in other ways such as farmers minimizing fertilizer use and the correc t disposal of animal waste and fertrilizers. However there is another type of pollution Point source which is where pollution will enter a water system in a specific point (such as a sewage pipe). These point sources of pollution are more often found in urban areas where there may be a sewage treatment plants are normally located. This type of point source pollution makes any control or treatment of pollution much easier as it is located in one area and not spread over larger areas as agricultural runoff sometimes can be. Urban stormwater is a major source of pollution to any water bodies. It arises from when rainwater washes over any impermeable urban area picking up with it toxic chemicals, vehicle emissions, sewage, household waste etc. The problem of urban storm water becomes exacerbated when extremely heavy rainfall occurs and the flushing water can erode stream banks and streambeds. This stormwater will then be moved downstream along with any eroded soil into any waterbodys, this sediment will then sink to the bottom of a water body. This can do damage to aquatic environment and can even destroy fish eggs. Excessive sediment in a water body can damage aquatic life in other ways. It can increase risk of disease, damage fish gills and also because of thick layer of sediment will cause darker conditions it may block enough light to limit growth of aquatic plants which is essential along with oxygen to aquatic life. As well as sediment from eroded soil urban stormwater can also pick up metals from t he urban environment, the main source of which is from vehicle emissions in urban environments. Some examples of the types of metals usually found in urban stormwater are Lead, cadmium, zinc, mercury, iron, nickel and copper. All of which have differing affects including damage to fish gills and death of aquatic organisms. These metals will accumulate on roadways and then be washed off in rainwater into the water bodies. In smaller amounts metals can derive from other sources such as metal roof tops which are pelted from heavy rain, some weed killers contain zinc and also scrap yards which keep metal outside. Unlike most sources of urban water pollution rural sources normally come in the form of diffuse pollution. One of the mains sources of which is agriculture as previously mentioned, the main pollutants involved in diffuse water pollution in agriculture are nitrogen and phosphorus. Phosphorus and nitrogen are both essential in term of animal and plant growth. Phosphorus and nitrogen are found in a variety of different sources. Animal waste as found in areas of agriculture, also the use of phosphorus and nitrogen in fertilizers contributes to water pollution. The adding of fertilizers to crops also returns the essential phosphorus back to the soil, which gets taken from the soil to help grow the crops to start with. Phosphorus can also be found in soils in both the organic and inorganic form. In terms of organic phosphorus it exists in plant residues, organic soil and microbes. Phosphorus can also be in an insoluble form within soil meaning that plants cannot take in this phosphorus. Wh en fertilizers are applied that contain phosphorus as soluble compounds most of the phosphorus will be absorbed into the soil which can then be washed on directly into a body of water, leading to eutrophication. This introduction of nitrogen can seriously affect the balance of the natural nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen is essential nutrient for plant growth and part of a natural cycle that occurs which if perturbed can have serious effects on organisms that rely on the cycle. As shows in figure 1 the addition of extra nitrogen from farming practices and the use of fertilizers will lead to the potential eutrophication of water bodies. This is due to the when the balance of the nitrogen cycle is interrupted with the addition of nitrogen from fertilizers. As a result of this the natural nitrogen cycle expels the surplus nitrogen which can be washed away into a water body. Figure 1 Nitrogen cycle diagram (source:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9s.html) Although not a major source of water pollution Mining still can influence water bodies. Mines are normally found in more rural areas although they can be found in urban areas, as in earlier time small towns would have been built around these sources of coal and iron ore .Minings primary source of water pollution comes from acid drainage in mine systems. This happens when the contents of a mine (coal or metal ore) oxidise on contact with air to create sulphuric acid. This problem of mine drainage is more of a problem generally in closed mines. This is because water which may have previously been blocked or stopped somehow from entering can now enter washing the acidic solution with it. As well as containing sulphuric acid the washout from the mines may also contain high concentrations of sulphur, heavy metals and iron. When this mine drainage enters a water body the change in pH from acid to a more neutral pH causes the iron to precipitate as ferric hydroxide. This will settle to the bottom of a water body which will deplete the water of oxygen thus seriously harming aquatic life. Mining can be mainly described as a rural source of water pollution whereas one source can be described as the opposite. Land fills sites are growing and growing in the United Kingdom and many land fills are situated in urban areas as they tend to bill filled with waste from nearby towns and citys. Land fills are a potentials source of water pollution as when it rains when waste is being deposited the rainwater will pass through the waste picking up along the way all the pollutants such as heavy metals, ammonia and oxygen depleting pollutants which if they reached the water bodies could seriously harm any aquatic life. Also the waste itself in whatever from this may come in as will contain water and as the waste degrades in the landfill this water will be released which will also carry the pollutants into the soil, which may eventually end up in a water body. These problems will all be more prevalent with older land will sites as new land fills have measure in place to reduce the ris k of water pollution from these sites. In conclusion both rural and urban areas have a number of different sources of water pollution. Although there are some very different sources such as mine drainage in rural areas which causes acids and heavy metals to enter water body whereas in urban areas land fill sites can cause pollutants such as ammonia to enter water systems. One common source that both rural and urban areas share is runoff. Although both share this source of pollution they do both differ slightly. Rural areas will tend to have agricultural runoff where nitrogen and phosphorus are the common pollutants which as a result cause eutrophication. Whereas urban areas also encounter the pollution problem of runoff but in term of the pollutants involved it varies significantly to rural runoff. Urban stormwater which is the urban runoff differs to agricultural runoff because it can pick up many more types of pollutants such as heavy metals, oils and other vehicle related emissions, sewage, household waste and like rur al runoff it also can pick up fertilizers from gardens. This urban stormwater can be considerably worse in terms of the impacts on aquatic organisms than agricultural runoff because of types of pollutant that are involved. It is also important to remember that because agricultural pollution is diffuse or non-point source pollution as previously mentioned this makes the treatment or control or agricultural runoff much more difficult than the control or treatment of point sources of pollution such as urban sewage leaks.