Computer Security Essay - 3218 Words

Computer Security In the last few decades, the world saw a revolution in information and technology, and the main factor of this revolution was the computer. Computers made life easier for millions of people all over the world, especially in the United States, where the latest innovations in the field of computers take place. Information circulates with extreme speed, and a person with a computer and access to the Internet can follow what is happening on Wall Street, even if he is thousands of miles away from there. Any user of this network can buy, sell, and make money by staying in his bed. But in order to guarantee the stability of such a world where a lot of transactions occur, billions of dollars are at stake, there must be†¦show more content†¦The authenticity of the message is also important; a user has to verify that the information is received from the correct sender. Another aspect of computer security services is the integrity of a message; only authorized users can modify a messag e. Non-repudiation of the data is also fundamental; it â€Å"requires that neither the sender nor the receiver of a message be able to deny the transmission† (Stallings 5). It is also important that â€Å"the information resources be controlled by or for the target system† (Stallings 5); this corresponds to the idea of access control. In addition, the availability of the message is an important concept; only authorized users can access â€Å"the computer system assets† (Stallings 6). Different computer security techniques are used to guarantee these aspects. The main way to protect the data being transmitted is to hide the message. There are two fundamental techniques used in computer security: Stenography and Cryptography. Both techniques require a transformation in the information to be sent, an identification character included in the message to recognize the sender, and also some secret information to scramble the message when sent and to unscramble it when received (Stallings 12). When the method of Stenography is used, the very existence of the message is cancelled. For example, the resolution of a Kodak CD format is 2048 by 3072 pixels, and each pixel contains 24 bits. If one bit of each pixel is used toShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Computer Security2039 Words   |  9 PagesThe Importance of Computer Security Computer security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection,] and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being trickedRead MoreComputer Security : Key Components Of Pc Security1099 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Security is an issue of critical significance for all associations, considering the way that data frameworks have turned into an essential piece of vital getting ready for all real organizations. Organizations need to find the key components of PC security while arranging their data frameworks technique. Computer security alludes to the assurance given to robotized data structures with a specific end goal to ensure their respectabili ty, accessibility, and secrecy. Computer security includesRead MoreComputer Security And Social Engineering Essay1810 Words   |  8 PagesComputer security is a very important topic in today’s world. One does not have to look far to read about data breaches, DDoS attacks, or other computer related crimes. When we think of cybercrime, we usually envision the Hollywood portrayal of technical hackers typing vigorously and wearing dark sunglasses. However, in reality, hacking tends to be much less glamorous. Actually, one critical element is often overlooked by the general public and movies alike; yet, every security professional knowsRead MoreWhat Is Computer Security?936 Words   |  4 PagesWHAT IS COMPUTER SECURITY? The process of preventing and detecting the use of data in the computer by any individuals without authorization is referred to as Computer Security. It is also known as cybersecurity or IT security. It involves the process of protecting computer resources from intruders for their own gains. Anti-virus, firewalls, data encryption, password protection are the main measures that encompass the computer security. It is mainly concerned with four main areas: 1. Confidentiality:Read MoreComputer Security : Computers And Networks870 Words   |  4 Pagesnot use the computer system to â€Å"snoop† or pry into the affairs of other users by unnecessarily reviewing their files and e-mail. Accessing other computers and networks: A User’s ability to connect to other computer systems through the network or by a modem does not imply a right to connect to those systems or to make use of those systems unless specifically authorized by the operators of those systems. Computer security: Each User is responsible for ensuring that use of outside computers and networksRead MoreChallenges Faced By Computer Network Security1501 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract- The rapid development in computer network technology leads to the security challenges faced by it at every step of its growth. Three main threats facing computer network security include: hackers, computer virus and denial of service attack. Safety factors of the network are mainly: resources sharing, data communication, computer virus and TCP/IP protocol security flaws. A safety network system should include at least three kinds of measures: legal measures, technical measures and reviewRead MoreComputer Security : An Intrusion Of Security1467 Words   |  6 Pagesintrusion of security What is computer security? Computer security is the procedure which guarantees that the information put away on a machine is not intelligible by other individual without the director s endorsement or approval. Case in point: if the secret key â€Å"class† in cisco switches is made secure then it will be put away to some degree like 5 e08hjn38tyb8 which is elusive out what the real watchword is on the grounds that it is scrambled. What is computer Privacy? Computer protection intendsRead MoreComputer Security Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Security Would you be interested in a career where you could make fifty thousand dollars a year right out of college? Would you like to have an extremely secure job? Would you like to create a company as successful as Microsoft or Facebook? If so, a career in computer security may be the field for you. As a high school student, you might be wondering what it would be like to work in the field of networking or database security, as well as compare them to similar fields. Today I willRead MoreInformation Security And Computer Usage Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesDirector of Information and Computer Technology SUBJECT: Information security and computer usage policies This memo presents the plans for the revision of information security and computer usage polices for Technocracy. The memo will outline discovered security issues and new policies including additional steps, goals and obstacles when implementing them. Previous security issues discovered Security compromises were discovered in information and computer security after the hack of MultiGame’sRead MoreThe Flaws Of The Ieee Computer Security1580 Words   |  7 Pagesusage bugs instead of distinguishing the configuration defects. The IEEE computer security, the main relationship for registering experts had been dispatched a digital security which is activity with the point of growing and raising its continuous association in the field of digital security. In the first venture for the activity was to dispatch the IEEE computer society designs to move happen to the concentrate in security structure discovering bugs to distinguishing basic outline blemishes with

4 Extra Knowledge That Will Be Beneficial for a Bid Writer

Looking to be a bid writer at ThePensters? This is a great career to get into if you have strong writing skills. However, like many others, it can be a bit of a competitive field. That’s why it’s important to have some extra knowledge and talents on your side to set yourself apart. There are some of the skills that would be beneficial for you to obtain. 1. Writing Skills This is essential. True, even if you’re not a talented writer, you can develop your skills over time throughout your career. The problem is, this takes time, making it much more difficult to distinguish yourself and move up in your industry. The more quickly you can get your work done, the more efficient employee you’ll be. Your supervisors will take notice. 2. Strong Communication When writing bids or proposals, you’re essentially trying to make an argument in favor of your supervisor or company. This means you should possess strong, effective communication skills. Of course, your grammar and vocabulary should be correct and professional, but if you’re looking for this type of work, odds are good that this won’t be a problem for you. Clear communication isn’t merely about writing in proper English. It’s also about ensuring that your points come across with the right balance of concision and persuasiveness. As such, if you’re a student, it’s a good idea to take classes that teach you the fundamentals of strong communication. If you’re out of school, read books on the particular subject to boost your skills. 3. Business Knowledge Writing bids generally requires some rudimentary business knowledge. Granted, you can familiarize yourself with the topics you’re writing about after your work is assigned, but you’d be better off if you walked into a job with that knowledge right away. Employers are always looking for job candidates who need as little training as possible. If they see that you already have at least some basic familiarity with their industry, they’ll be much more likely to hire you and give you more positive attention as an employee. 4. Classical Argument Strategies There have been many, many books written on the topic of persuasion over the course of history, and they’re worth brushing up on if you want to get into the work of writing bids. That said, not everyone has time to read all those books. As such, it pays to take a little bit of time learning about the classical argument strategies outlined by figures like Aristotle. They knew that making an effective argument requires the following traits: ethos, logos, and pathos. Ethos is the authority of the person making the argument. If you come across as educated and qualified, your bid writing work will be taken more seriously. Logos refers to the simple need to use logic while making an argument. Pathos involves incorporating emotional appeals into your claims. If you’re planning on getting a job in the bid writing field at ThePensters in particular take a look at these skills and be honest about whether or not these are your strengths. To make yourself more attractive to potential employers, develop any of the talents you’re missing.

The Earth Has 3 Trillion Trees

The calculations are in and a recent study has revealed some rather shocking results regarding the number of trees on the planet. According to researchers at Yale University, there are 3 trillion trees on Earth at any given moment. Thats 3,000,000,000,000. Whew! Its 7.5 times more trees than previously thought! And that adds up to roughly 422 trees for every person on the planet. Pretty good, right? Unfortunately, researchers also estimate that it is only half the number of trees that were on the planet before humans came along. So just how did they come up with those numbers? A team of international researchers from 15 countries used  satellite imagery, tree surveys, and supercomputer technologies to map tree populations around the world - down the square kilometer. The results are the most comprehensive count of the worlds trees that has ever been undertaken. You can check out all of the data over at the journal Nature. The study was inspired by the global youth organization Plant for the Planet—a group that aims to plant trees around the world to reduce the effects of climate change. They asked researchers at Yale for the estimated global population of trees. At the time, researchers thought there were about 400 billion trees on the planet—thats 61 trees per person.   But researchers knew that this was just a ballpark guess as it used satellite imagery and forest area estimates but it did not incorporate any hard data from the ground.  Thomas Crowther, a postdoctoral fellow at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and lead author of the study, put together a team that studied tree populations using not only satellites but also  tree-density information through national forest inventories and tree counts that had been verified at the ground level. Through their inventories, researchers were also able to confirm that the largest forest areas in the world are in the tropics. Roughly 43 percent of the worlds trees can be found in this area. The locations with the highest densities of trees were  the sub-arctic regions of Russia, Scandinavia and North America. Researchers hope that this inventory—and the new data regarding the number of trees in the world—will result in improved information about the role and importance of the worlds trees—particularly when it comes to biodiversity and carbon storage. But they also think that it serves as a warning about the effects that human populations have already had on the worlds trees.  Deforestation, habitat loss, and poor forest-management practices result in the loss of over 15 billion trees each year, according to the study. This affects not only the number of trees on the planet, but also the diversity. The study noted that tree density and diversity drops drastically as the number of humans on the planet increases. Natural factors such as drought, flooding, and insect infestations also play a role in the loss of forest density and diversity. Weve nearly halved the number of trees on the planet, and weve seen the impacts on climate and human health as a result, Crowther said in a statement released by Yale. This study highlights how much more effort is needed if we are to restore healthy forests worldwide. Source Ehrenberg, Rachel. Global count reaches 3 trillion trees. Nature, September 2, 2015.

Personal Narrative A Personal Essay - 1314 Words

â€Å"The inside of the shell looks to me like a sore throat mouth,† is the sentence I wrote on paper eighteen years ago. It was my first day of an expository writing class and I was a freshman in college. Assorted objects were placed in the center of a table, around which twenty students and I sat around. Professor H asked us to describe the objects. What I saw was a seashell, a piece of driftwood and a black and white framed photo of an old man and a silver pocket watch. I wanted to sketch the still life in opposition to writing. I looked around me and observed all the students writing. At the end of our allotted ten minutes, I finally scribbled down my single sentence. Professor H asked us to read aloud what we had written, and as I listened†¦show more content†¦The writing was frankly boring, like the sentence scribbled on back of a postcard of the Grand Canyon which states â€Å"I saw this view†. Twenty hours before the class began I was forced to produce and to create an interesting essay; I had to reveal. I described a vivid memory of and an incident at a party which occurred after a family wedding. As the hours went by and I wrote more and more sentences, I remember feeling like I was inside my high school dark room. I felt the same feeling of relief as I felt when going inside the dimly lit dark room away from the florescent lights. As I wrote I sensed the same excitement I felt when dipping the photo paper in liquid and watching a photo appear. I did not want to be interrupted as I wrote about the experience, which became more vivid as the hours went by. When the photo appeared underneath the liquid, I always feared someone would open the dark room door, making the photo disappear. As I wrote about the party, I was once again sixteen and began to see the people at the party in their fancy suits and dresses. Their eyes were blood shot. I watched them rip the mirror off the hotel wall. I remember people rushing to the coffee table where the mirror was placed. When it was my turn, I kneeled next to the coffee table and with the rolled fifty-dollar bill. I saw my mirrored reflection as I stuffed the rolled bill into my nostril. My dress had fallen off one shoulder but I used my free hand toShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative : Personal Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Do not withhold good from those who deserve it when it’s in your power to help them†, (Bible Proverbs 3:27 NIV). Even in the midst of your heartache, it is important to help others. To love is to be selfless in the presence of someone else’s troubles. I remember it was a Tuesday night in October of 2015 and everything seemed normal. There was not a soul in sight and neither one to be heard. The house felt empty after everyone had gone to sleep while I stayed up late working on homework. It wasRead MorePersonal Narrative : Personal Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesI was laid on my bed after I bade Ri a goodnight. I was pondering about anything and everything. Thousands of thoughts were racing inside my head. But the most important question among them was, whether I should sleep or not. After the events of that night, a peaceful sleep seemed like a distant memory. Getting sleep terrors every night was being stressful, both physically and mentally. It drained and strained me from inside every time. All the events of that night were still alive and fresh in myRead MorePersonal Narrative : Personal Essay873 Words   |  4 PagesLife can be hard when you think you have to be perfect. At home my parents always told me to do my best and they would be happy. Doing your best is one thing, but in my mind, I had to exceed even more. I had a goal to have 100% for all my overall grades. Well if you think about it, I was letting it bother me a little too much. â€Å" Lauren can you come to my desk, I need to talk to you,† Mr. Vandenberg darted, looking hard into my eyes, almost trying to see what I was thinking about. As I strode overRead MorePersonal Narrative Essay - Narrative1089 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Narrative So, I got lost in the middle of Silverwood in Idaho with my little cousin†¦ Here s how it all went down.. My cousin and I were heading over to our favorite ride there, the Twirl And Whirl, it was so fun, when we went on that ride it felt like we were flying when we closed our eyes and felt it spin. While we were on the ride my sister and her friend asked if they could go on the roller coaster and our dad said,†Yes, but first let s wait for this ride to be done so all of usRead MorePersonal Narrative Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Life is like a box of chocolates you never know what your gonna get† (Gump, Forest) sounds familiar huh? When I ponder on the idea of an electrifying episode in my life, I think about the unexpected things that have happened. However something out of the ordinary â€Å"tickled my fancy†. After all my years of thinking it was impossible, the improvable became reality. Now just for a second I want you to sit back, relax, and enjoy my journey of becoming Student Body President. Read MoreEssay on personal narrative 781 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Growing up as an only child I made out pretty well. You almost can’t help but be spoiled by your parents in some way. And I must admit that I enjoyed it; my own room, T.V., computer, stereo, all the material possessions that I had. But there was one event in my life that would change the way that I looked at these things and realized that you can’t take these things for granted and that’s not what life is about. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When I was seventeenRead MorePersonal Narrative Essay521 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Narrative I am listening for the sound of the front door. I know for certain that it is a Saturday night. I do not know whether I am six or 16, eight or 18. I may be alone. I may have a babysitter. It makes no difference. My vigil remains the same. I do not wait for the sound of the door opening. It is the sound of it closing that matters. If it clicks quietly shut, IRead MorePersonal Essay : Personal Literacy Narrative885 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Literacy Narrative As a teenager, I now look back and realize how vital it is for children to learn to read and write at such young ages. I am so thankful for parents that read books with me before I even started school, and I am also thankful for the teachers who taught me vowel sounds, prefixes, suffixes, and much more. Teachers also taught me that reading could be fun, which encouraged students to want to read in their free time. Reading and writing are unique activities to me becauseRead More Personal Narrative Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Narrative I was bruised, bitten, and banged up, and I loved it. The weekend had completely made my summer and filled in a part of my personality that I never knew existed. My king salmon fishing trip taught me perseverance, trust, tolerance, and that it is not always the trophy, but instead the journey you take along the way. Every summer that I go back to Michigan, my cousin Lance and I take a fishing trip. This year we were after the big ones, king salmon, running up the ManisteeRead More personal narrative Essay647 Words   |  3 Pages The Gift After what seemed like an eternity of rigorous tests and dealing with the painful longing of wanting to hold a precious baby of my own in my arms, it happened; my dreams at long last came true. I was pregnant! But something happened; I felt my world come crashing down. The thought of bringing another life into this world terrified me. After marriage, my husband and I immediately wanted to start a family. A year

The Negative Influence Of Social Media - 843 Words

DING! The sound of a smartphone going off can signal a variety of things: a text from a loved one, a weather alert, an e-mail from a coworker, or perhaps an update from a social media site. Any of these alerts or notifications may be important, but it is the update from social media that possibly has the largest effect. When it comes to America, a great majority of the population is active on social media; 65 percent of American adults use a social networking site (Perrin, 2015). When it comes to teenagers, 73 percent of American teens are involved in the use of social media (Lenhart, Purcell, Smith, Zickhur, 2010). On a world-wide level, it has been estimated that there is a total of 2 billion people, more than one fourth of the world’s†¦show more content†¦In a more personal sense, a person willing to share their experiences and ideas through social media may find himself or herself restricted because of the judgements that may be passed. In order to avoid these ju dgements, a user may change what they post to cater to the liking of their followers or friends. With self-expression limited, the ability to display identity is also narrowed. Our ability to express ideas through communication also applies to how we build and maintain relationships, another facet of communication and identity that is threatened by the use of social media. A person’s identity through communication in the form of building relationships may also suffer because of their use of social media. Many users become so focused on communicating and connecting through the internet that they lose part of their real social life. Nicholas Kardaras (2016), a licensed psychotherapist, writes in his Scientific American Mind article that â€Å"when you laugh or cry with someone, when you go to a social event or have dinner together, when you experience life together, there is a deepening of the social bond that cannot be replicated by social media.† People that become engrossed in social media can lose hold of the true values of these face-to-face experiences and communication, something that holds high relevancy to our ability toShow MoreRelatedWhy Williams Makes Valuable Points About Negative Influence Of Social Media967 Words   |  4 Pagesdue to the use of the social media. He believes people will not be informed about crucial events a round the world, because they will only read about things they care about: â€Å"with the ability to tailor our media consumption today to only those sources that reflect our already held view, we may be missing out on alternative perspectives ‘that citizens in an informed democracy need to know† (472). I believe Williams makes valuable points about negative influence of social media. However, in my opinionRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Society1359 Words   |  6 PagesIn a broad sense, Social media refers to elements such as websites, television, blogs, IM, and other applications that enable users to create and share various forms of content such as messages, pictures, and information, or to be able to participate in social networking. Social media depends on web-based applications, which allow a high level of virtual interaction on various levels such as social, professional, and educational levels. Social media has had various contributions to the developmentRead MoreSocial Media Allows People To Share Pictures And Ideas1057 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media allows people to share pictures and ideas with others across the world. Women and girls can use social media to earn approval for their appearance and compare themselves to others. Women during this time period that are so heavily impacted by the media can link their self-worth to their looks. I used scholarly articles all relating to how social media affects body image to decide what my view point was. After research, we can conclude that social media has a negative effect on a woman’sRead MoreSocial Media Disadvantages1246 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media is a way for people to communicate anywhere and at any time. Some people think that it is beneficial to have in society. Although, many people are starting to see negative effects arise from the use of social media as well. These negative effects are increasing and becoming more problematic every day. The disadvantages of social media far outweigh the advantages. Social media effects everyone in society, especially teenagers by negatively impacting their lives, face-to-face interactionsRead MoreSocialization As A Function Of Media1561 Words   |  7 Pagesof Media Mass media, significantly through mediums that project news and information, greatly affect what and how we learn about the world around us. In particular, television has become the outlet with the greatest socialization impact in its influence on young viewers. The distribution of information has become a part of the process by which people learn about societal values and behaviors and come to understand cultural expectations. Through entertainment and news programming, mass media suchRead MoreMedia Influences on Adolescent: Social Norms and Identity Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesmajority of their social norms are perceived. In this day and age, adolescents live in a world heavily submerged around media, which plays an important and habitual part of an adolescents life. In a national survey conducted in 2009, adolescents on average spend more than 7.5 hours using some sort of media a day (Rideout, Foehr, Roberts, 2010). With this unprecedented access to the world, individuals a re learning and connecting with many different people and ideas through the media (Brown BobkowsiRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Our Society Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesInfluences of Media on our Society There is no doubt that the media influences us. To state some examples to prove this claim, try answering the questions that follow. Do you feel like attempting a stunt from a movie? Do you base your fashion on what you see the celebrities are wearing? Do you copy the hairstyle of your favorite famous personalities? Have you ever attempted to walk model-like in an attempt to imitate those ramp models in fashion shows? If you answered yes to any of these questionsRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media On Teenagers1147 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Social Media on Teenagers Nowadays social media have become one of the important part of our lifestyle and has a great influence in our day to day basic activities. Getting more likes and having more followers has become one of the important part of people’s social life. Teenagaers spent most of their time checking Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter and many more. According to The Washington Post, â€Å"Teens are spending more than one-third of their days using media such as online videoRead MoreSocial Media Is A Double Edged Sword1410 Words   |  6 PagesNegative Effects/ limitations However, social media is a double-edged sword. It also brings some problems to the public health while the public health gets lots of benefits from it. The spread of false information provides wrong information and brings big troubles to the public health work; expanding negative information may obstruct the development of health agencies. The spread of false information Sharing information is the main function for the social media. People share different kinds ofRead MoreMedia s Impact On Society956 Words   |  4 PagesThe media, or communication outlets, has a huge part in the racial divide, prejudices, oppressions and discriminations in America. These outlets include newspapers, television, internet, and/or radio. Over the recent years, stereotyping and discrimination has been greatly enhanced by media outlets. Even though the media has enhanced these harmful issues, the media can improve all of the factors by making changes to how they portray different races and ethnicities. â€Å"The media can influence people

Machine Caused Severe Explosion And Losses â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Machine Caused Severe Explosion And Losses? Answer: Introducation As per the decision given in Donoghue vs Stevenson 1932 AC 522 case, any manufacturing company who makes and offers their product to customers has duty to care towards their customers. It means the company has duty to care to provide merchantable product to the customers with proper detailed instruction and inbuilt safety measures. This is because any fault or defect in the product can harm the customers and can result in significant losses. Hence, it is pivotal responsibility of the company to provide the right product to the customers in regards to prevent any potential loss to customers. Further, if any additional information regarding the product is required, then it is essential that company must inform the customer about the same (Gibson and Fraser, 2014). When the company does not take requisite measures and provides faulty products to the customers, then it has assumed that company breaches their duty to care. The verdict given in Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 case is the evidence of this aspect. The level of duty to care is dependent on several factors which are as highlighted below (Davenport and Parker, 2014). Possibility to being injured Nature of injury incurred to the customer Risk associated with the damage The person who has suffered due to the breach of duty is termed as plaintiff and the company which has breached their duty to care is termed as defendant. Plaintiff has the legal rights to claim for the damages from defendant or to sue the defendant for breaching of duty. However, it is essential that plaintiff has sufficient evidences to prove the damages on the account of breach of duty. It is because the honorable court would take a note of duty to care, breach of duty and incurred damages before announcing the judgment (Gibson and Fraser, 2014). It is noteworthy that if the incurred damages can be prevented by any type of measures that could be taken by the plaintiff, then in such cases the plaintiff cannot claim for the damages. Moreover, as per tort of negligence only foreseeable damages would be taken into consideration. In this scenario, egg shell rule would be an imperative aspect which limits the obligation of the defendant in case of any initial damages incurred on the plaintiff. Nader v Urban Transit Authority of NSW(1985) 2 NSWLR 501 case is the witness of this aspect (Lindgren, 2011). When the plaintiff does not take necessary steps to prevent the possibility of any harm, then the incurred injury or harm would be called under contributory negligence. In this case, the plaintiff is liable to claim for damages from defendant based on his/her contribution for the injury as highlighted in the judgment given in Maureen Townsend v Phillip ODonnell [2016] NSWCA 288 case (Harvey, 2009). Application It is apparent from the given facts that Mulan has purchased a power drill from MacTools Ltd. It indicates that duty to care is applicable here on MacTools Ltd to their customer Mulan. He does not use it and without unboxing, he has extended this drill to his neighbor Aurora. Also, it has been mentioned in the safety warning that the machine should not be used without wearing protective goggles. It can be seen that as the product is extended to Aurora and therefore, the duty to care of the company would also be extended to Aurora. Aurora does not read the safety instructions and she does not wear safety goggles. Also, she has used the drill machine for about ten minutes. In between of using the machine, the drill machine catches fire and as a result of this drill machine result explosion. It is apparent from the case study that MacTools Ltd was aware that if the power drill machine is used for more than 5 minute at a stretch, than it can catch fire and can result in severe explosion. However, MacTools Ltd does not inform this to customer Mulan because the recall of the machine would result in a cost $500,000. It can be said that it is duty of MacTools to inform the customers that the threshold limit to use the machine is five minute but they did not inform it and hence, it results in breach of duty. Aurora has lost her one eye due this explosion. It would be fair to conclude that due to breach of duty to care on the part of MacTools Ltd, Aurora has lost her eye but she also contributed in the injury because if she used the safety goggles, then there is a possibility that she would not have damaged her eye. Hence, she can claim for damages but the amount would be decided after taking the note of contributory negligence of Aurora. Additionally, the electric power supply has been interrupted and power goes off for some time due to this fault in the drill machine and explosion. Jessie is a glass vase maker who has been making a vase with worth of $1,000 gets distur bed due to this sudden power off. Also, the vase was shattered. This is the case of egg shell rule and would not be termed as initial harm and hence, Jessie would not liable to claim for any damages. Conclusion It can be concluded based on the above analysis that MacTools Ltd has duty to care towards their customers. However, company does not inform regarding the fault in the machine and hence, the explosion incurred. Further, Auroras loss of eye would be come under the contributory negligence because she does not wear safety goggles which have been mentioned in the safety warning sheet. Therefore, she can claim for the damages from MacTools but the compensation amount would be dependent based on level of contributory negligence. Also, Jessie cannot recover any amount from MacTools Ltd because the loss (shattered) of vase is not considered as the initial injury as per the provisions of egg shell rule. Reference Davenport, S. and Parker, D. (2014). Business Law in Australia, 2nd ed, Sydney: LexisNexis Publications. Edlin, D. (2007). Common law theory, 4th ed, Cambridge: University Press Cambridge. Gibson, A. and Fraser, D. (2014). Business Law, 8th ed, Sydney: Pearson Publications. Harvey, C. (2009). Foundations of Australian law, 2nd ed, Prahran, Vic.: Tilde University Press. Lindgren, KE. (2011). Vermeesch and Lindgren's Business Law of Australia, 12th ed, Sydney: LexisNexis Publications. Case Laws: Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 Donoghue vs Stevenson 1932 AC 522 Maureen Townsend v Phillip ODonnell [2016] NSWCA 288 Nader v Urban Transit Authority of NSW(1985) 2 NSWLR 501

Evidence Based Health Practice Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Question: Describe about the Evidence Based Health Practice for Adjuvant Chemotherapy. Answer: A critique of Jeffs, E., Wiseman, T. (2013). Randomised controlled trial to determine the benefit of daily home-based exercise in addition to self-care in the management of breast cancer-related lymphoedema: a feasibility study.Supportive Care in Cancer,21(4), 1013-1023. Breast cancer related lymphoedema (BCRL) has long been identified as an additional repercussion to women cancer survivors impeding their normal lives. Therapeutic interventions to address their conditions by means of suitable exercise and self care strategies have been proposed to result in positive outcomes for the patients. However, dearth of evidences to support the hypothesis was found in the context of BCRL that may create a gap in practice and clinical research. Therefore, to procure insight into this matter, other literatures need to be reviewed thoroughly to obtain better understanding. CONSORT 2010 checklist helps to critically appraise the published trial reports. A critical appraisal of this article published in 2013 will be done in accordance with the CONSORT 2010 checklist utilizing RCT to evaluate the feasibility of daily home based exercise interventions before undertaking a larger RCT to treat stable BCRL in women. Title and Abstract The article (Jeffs Wiseman, 2013) under consideration clearly states the research study conducted as the randomized controlled trial in the name of the title itself. Further in the structured abstract portion, the research design, methodology adopted, important findings and relevant conclusions that can be extrapolated from the results have been mentioned in a comprehensive manner. Introduction Background and Objectives Breast cancer have thwarted the lives of a large proportion of women worldwide and reports of the chronic condition of lymphoedema in the breast cancer survivors following treatment have been found to negatively impact their quality of living to a great extent and the number is surging. Evidence based studies pertinent to breast cancer related lymphoedema (BCRL) have highlighted on the symptoms, diagnosis, reduction of risks and management strategy to tackle this debilitating problem (Fu, 2014). Evidences contraindicates that manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) is not suitable for preventing or managing BCRL (Huang et al., 2013). Other studies have provided alternative, superior and cost-effective tool such as measurement of tissue dielectric constant (TDC) to estimate the changes in the water content of the tissues thereby acting as an indicator of early onset of BCRL (Haen, 2012). Upper body resistance exercises have borne positive implications for cancer survivors with BCRL fostering improved physical functionality and overall health status in some studies (Cormie et al., 2013). Similar findings support the view that high intensity resistance exercise training (RET) has the potential to influence the muscular strength in the breast cancer survivors with BCRL (Nelson, 2016). Thus, the efficacy of the proposed exercise regime as a treatment modality to tackle BCRL in the chosen article can be very well corroborated with other studies of similar kind. The primary objective set up by the investigators emphasizes in differentiating the declined levels of the excess limb volume (ELV) among both the studied groups, with the control group subjected to only self care phase and the interventional group experiencing self care in addition to daily home-based exercise program. In this context, the findings from relevant research may be cited which states that prescription for and adherence to BCRL self care techniques are not optimized but variable for the breast cancer survivors (Brown et al., 2014). The secondary objectives in the given study accounted for vital considerations concerning the impacts of the exercise in quality of life, range of movement (ROM) of the shoulder and operation of the arms associated to BCRL. Recent investigations have also thrown light upon these paraphernalia of BCRL, determining the changes in arm volume following sessions of low and heavy load resistance exercise and prepare prescription guidelines according ly (Bloomquist, 2016). Therefore, the projected objectives in the given study offer scope for further probe into the matter. Methods Trial Design RCT in the chosen study aimed to generate reproducible, authentic results by virtue of eliminating the selection bias. The pilot mode of experiment predicted the feasibility of the research undertaken in terms of time, cost, and adverse consequences if any. Study utilizing the therapeutic effects of Yogic interventions to manage BCRL have also adopted randomized controlled pilot for their research work (Loudon et al., 2014). Hence, the choice of the trial design is found to be appropriate. Participants Careful examination of the medical records for the BCRL patients identified 532 patients to be suitable. The inclusion criterion was the BCRL in unilateral arm with stable swelling for at least 3 months and 10% ELV. Exclusion criteria included previous history for bilateral breast cancer treatment, factors contributing to alteration in limb volumes and documented non-conformity with agreed self care practices. Abiding by the criteria 85 was found to be suitable and invitation along with the Patient information sheet was sent to these potential candidates seeking their approval to participate in the study. Out of the 85, 39 consented to participate. Thereafter by means of rigorous telephonic screening and screening appointments, a handful of 23 participants were finally chosen to be included. 11 out of 23 formed the interventional group, while the remaining 12 comprised the control group. Thus, selection of the subjects was carried out in a stepwise methodical fashion minimizing the negative factors as far as practicable. Interventions The interventional strategy improvised and implemented was in accordance with the standard guidelines and protocols followed to ensure MLD. The exercise recommended for the interventional group (IG) was an amalgamation of breathing, hand pumping as well as gravity resistive isotonic arm exercises. The IG participants were trained and instructed to do the prescribed exercises through demonstrations and necessary follow up was conducted at every encounter to allay any sort of apprehension. Thus the interventions were completely justified. Outcomes As per the predefined primary and secondary measurement outcomes, the measurements and estimations were undertaken. Clinical measurements comprised limb volume assessment through standard optoelectric device, weight and height to calculate the body mass index (BMI), range of movement of the shoulder during each visit in the study tenure at weeks 0, 4, 12 and 26. Functional status and self study report regarding the quality of life (QOL) of the participants were procured as well from relevant questionnaire. Sample Size The population of 23 respondents adds to the sample size in the givens study. All 23 participants out of the originally screened 532 records expressed their willingness to volunteer in the study and fulfilled all the inclusion criteria to be eligible. No breach of participation or any sort of interim analysis was applicable in this particular studied case that favored the reliability of the research. Randomisation Subjects were randomly assigned by virtue of applying sequentially numbered sealed envelopes to either CG or IG. Randomisation was conducted in blocks of six and eight in order to justify the balanced nature of allocation for the respective groups in case the recruitment was not sufficient. Allocation concealment mechanism Allocation of groups was carried out in blocks of six and eight through sequentially numbered sealed envelopes as a measure to maintain balance if subject recruitment was inadequate. Implementation The random allocation scheme was conceptualized by the researchers themselves to suit their research setting. Participants were enrolled under the supervision of two nurses specializing in lymphoedema treatment, three experienced physiotherapists to treat BCRL and two patient users. The interventional approaches and the familiarization trials for all concerned were moderated under the trained care of these healthcare professionals. Blinding In the chosen study, the researcher was blinded to the allocation process and the resulting interventional outcomes. The probability of the ensuing bias and flaws are thus checked due to such blinding on the part of the researcher. Statistical Methods All the statistical analysis was done through the SPSS version 19 software packages setting the level of significance at p0.05. To maintain homogeneity baseline data were evaluated. Distribution of data was noted with the help of histogram as well as calculation encompassing 95% of the population and the non-normal distributed data were presented as median, lower quartile and upper quartile. Non-parametric tests were adopted and for median calculation 95% confidence interval (CI) was considered. Results Participant flow The Figure 1 of the article provided necessary information related to the number of participants allocated to each of the groups of IG and CG, the subjects undergoing approved intended treatments with the outcomes briefed clearly in due course of the weekly follow up trials. Training procedures and the clinical assessment knowledge is also represented diagrammatically in the Figure 1. Recruitment The given study extended for 6 months with the follow up regime fixed for both the IG and CG participants to be at the end of 4th, 12th and 26th weeks. Baseline data for all the participants irrespective of their groups was noted at week 0. For the IG only, exercise technique and sequence followed was monitored at every week of follow up. The outcome variables were constantly assessed in every week for both the groups. Baseline Data Baseline data comprising the demographic and clinical characteristics for each of the participating groups are depicted in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. However, at the week 0 level of the baseline data, no significant differences among the parameters measured were observed for both the CG and IG. Demographic information includes age, ethnicity, occupation in which the participant is involved and the type of work accustomed to. Clinical parameters encompass a wide range of variables from basic height, weight data to data concerning various treatment modalities and experience encountered due to BCRL (Kwan, 2016). Numbers analyzed The number of participants for each of the two analyses carried in case of week 12 and 26 when compared to week 0 varied as depicted in Table 3 and Table 4 of the studied article. In Table 3, the number of total participants is 23 only with 11 belonging to IG and 12 comprising CG. Contrarily, In Table 4, total participants are 22 with the IG having 10 and CG accounting for 12 subjects. One data in case of Table 4 was omitted on the ground of deviating hugely from the mean value, thus posing as an outlier. The final data analysis was thus based upon data retrieved from Table 4 and the implications of such exclusion reflected on the calculated values of the results through the statistical tools. Outcomes and estimation The changes in swollen limb volume over the 6 months data period have been reported as the primary change outcomes. Decline in absolute volume and relative volume has been recorded as a negative value and the increase as positive amount. The Wilcoxon signed rank test exposed significant reduction in terms of relative ELV at week 12 for both the IG and CG. However at week 26, similar investigation for both the groups revealed no statistical significance (p0.05). Exclusion of the ID6 data due to overriding revealed significant difference at week 26 for both groups, although Mann Whitney test provided no statistical significance among the two groups regarding relative ELV change. Further intriguing into the secondary objectives brought to the forefront no significant improvements in the QOL or ROM. The report of the insignificant improvement in the functioning and neurological symptoms as perceived by the IG during week 12 was not continued till week 26 although they reported of having less severe pain in the forearms. Thus, the effects as indicated in the 95% CI is of relevance to extrapolate the findings and the values obtained through proper statistical analysis to a larger fraction of the population in real life (DiSipio, 2013, Dominick, 2013). Discussion Limitations The chosen article was found to have certain limitations, the prime being the sample size considered for the study. The less number of participants taking part in the study stands on the way of concretely defining the positive implications of such effects. Chances of bias due to less sample size remains that cannot be undone with and serve as an obstacle to extrapolate the results to future studies and research. Exclusion of one of the participants data due to overriding effect may also account for omitting and overlooking some vital underpinning that might have contributed to the desired result. Generalisability The hypothesis as opined in the pilot RCT study has the scope of being carried forwarded and to be utilized in the population context. The idea and concept of the chosen study can then only achieve far reaching consequences and harbor positive outcomes to provide respite patients with similar clinical conditions. Interpretation The pivotal theme of the research considers the positive outcomes due to exercise interventions for the BCRL patients. The findings corroborate with other relevant studies as well that suggest exercise as mode of treatment modality to remedy BCRL (Singh, 2015, Cormie, 2015, Bloomquist, 2014, Singh, 2016, Chang, 2013). Exercise regime for cure of BCRL should essentially comprise of resistance exercise in conjunction with compression therapy and surgical interventions wherever applicable. Practically, evidence based practice is vital to nursing profession to encourage better patient outcomes in patients through following of suitable treatment modalities. Thus researches contribute to provision of necessary information regarding particular clinical condition as in the articles case of BCRL, to favor the evidence based practice in real life cases. References: Bloomquist, K., Hayes, S., Adamsen, L., Mller, T., Christensen, K. B., Ejlertsen, B., Oturai, P. (2016). 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