Machine Caused Severe Explosion And Losses â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Machine Caused Severe Explosion And Losses? Answer: Introducation As per the decision given in Donoghue vs Stevenson 1932 AC 522 case, any manufacturing company who makes and offers their product to customers has duty to care towards their customers. It means the company has duty to care to provide merchantable product to the customers with proper detailed instruction and inbuilt safety measures. This is because any fault or defect in the product can harm the customers and can result in significant losses. Hence, it is pivotal responsibility of the company to provide the right product to the customers in regards to prevent any potential loss to customers. Further, if any additional information regarding the product is required, then it is essential that company must inform the customer about the same (Gibson and Fraser, 2014). When the company does not take requisite measures and provides faulty products to the customers, then it has assumed that company breaches their duty to care. The verdict given in Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 case is the evidence of this aspect. The level of duty to care is dependent on several factors which are as highlighted below (Davenport and Parker, 2014). Possibility to being injured Nature of injury incurred to the customer Risk associated with the damage The person who has suffered due to the breach of duty is termed as plaintiff and the company which has breached their duty to care is termed as defendant. Plaintiff has the legal rights to claim for the damages from defendant or to sue the defendant for breaching of duty. However, it is essential that plaintiff has sufficient evidences to prove the damages on the account of breach of duty. It is because the honorable court would take a note of duty to care, breach of duty and incurred damages before announcing the judgment (Gibson and Fraser, 2014). It is noteworthy that if the incurred damages can be prevented by any type of measures that could be taken by the plaintiff, then in such cases the plaintiff cannot claim for the damages. Moreover, as per tort of negligence only foreseeable damages would be taken into consideration. In this scenario, egg shell rule would be an imperative aspect which limits the obligation of the defendant in case of any initial damages incurred on the plaintiff. Nader v Urban Transit Authority of NSW(1985) 2 NSWLR 501 case is the witness of this aspect (Lindgren, 2011). When the plaintiff does not take necessary steps to prevent the possibility of any harm, then the incurred injury or harm would be called under contributory negligence. In this case, the plaintiff is liable to claim for damages from defendant based on his/her contribution for the injury as highlighted in the judgment given in Maureen Townsend v Phillip ODonnell [2016] NSWCA 288 case (Harvey, 2009). Application It is apparent from the given facts that Mulan has purchased a power drill from MacTools Ltd. It indicates that duty to care is applicable here on MacTools Ltd to their customer Mulan. He does not use it and without unboxing, he has extended this drill to his neighbor Aurora. Also, it has been mentioned in the safety warning that the machine should not be used without wearing protective goggles. It can be seen that as the product is extended to Aurora and therefore, the duty to care of the company would also be extended to Aurora. Aurora does not read the safety instructions and she does not wear safety goggles. Also, she has used the drill machine for about ten minutes. In between of using the machine, the drill machine catches fire and as a result of this drill machine result explosion. It is apparent from the case study that MacTools Ltd was aware that if the power drill machine is used for more than 5 minute at a stretch, than it can catch fire and can result in severe explosion. However, MacTools Ltd does not inform this to customer Mulan because the recall of the machine would result in a cost $500,000. It can be said that it is duty of MacTools to inform the customers that the threshold limit to use the machine is five minute but they did not inform it and hence, it results in breach of duty. Aurora has lost her one eye due this explosion. It would be fair to conclude that due to breach of duty to care on the part of MacTools Ltd, Aurora has lost her eye but she also contributed in the injury because if she used the safety goggles, then there is a possibility that she would not have damaged her eye. Hence, she can claim for damages but the amount would be decided after taking the note of contributory negligence of Aurora. Additionally, the electric power supply has been interrupted and power goes off for some time due to this fault in the drill machine and explosion. Jessie is a glass vase maker who has been making a vase with worth of $1,000 gets distur bed due to this sudden power off. Also, the vase was shattered. This is the case of egg shell rule and would not be termed as initial harm and hence, Jessie would not liable to claim for any damages. Conclusion It can be concluded based on the above analysis that MacTools Ltd has duty to care towards their customers. However, company does not inform regarding the fault in the machine and hence, the explosion incurred. Further, Auroras loss of eye would be come under the contributory negligence because she does not wear safety goggles which have been mentioned in the safety warning sheet. Therefore, she can claim for the damages from MacTools but the compensation amount would be dependent based on level of contributory negligence. Also, Jessie cannot recover any amount from MacTools Ltd because the loss (shattered) of vase is not considered as the initial injury as per the provisions of egg shell rule. Reference Davenport, S. and Parker, D. (2014). Business Law in Australia, 2nd ed, Sydney: LexisNexis Publications. Edlin, D. (2007). Common law theory, 4th ed, Cambridge: University Press Cambridge. Gibson, A. and Fraser, D. (2014). Business Law, 8th ed, Sydney: Pearson Publications. Harvey, C. (2009). Foundations of Australian law, 2nd ed, Prahran, Vic.: Tilde University Press. Lindgren, KE. (2011). Vermeesch and Lindgren's Business Law of Australia, 12th ed, Sydney: LexisNexis Publications. Case Laws: Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 Donoghue vs Stevenson 1932 AC 522 Maureen Townsend v Phillip ODonnell [2016] NSWCA 288 Nader v Urban Transit Authority of NSW(1985) 2 NSWLR 501

Evidence Based Health Practice Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Question: Describe about the Evidence Based Health Practice for Adjuvant Chemotherapy. Answer: A critique of Jeffs, E., Wiseman, T. (2013). Randomised controlled trial to determine the benefit of daily home-based exercise in addition to self-care in the management of breast cancer-related lymphoedema: a feasibility study.Supportive Care in Cancer,21(4), 1013-1023. Breast cancer related lymphoedema (BCRL) has long been identified as an additional repercussion to women cancer survivors impeding their normal lives. Therapeutic interventions to address their conditions by means of suitable exercise and self care strategies have been proposed to result in positive outcomes for the patients. However, dearth of evidences to support the hypothesis was found in the context of BCRL that may create a gap in practice and clinical research. Therefore, to procure insight into this matter, other literatures need to be reviewed thoroughly to obtain better understanding. CONSORT 2010 checklist helps to critically appraise the published trial reports. A critical appraisal of this article published in 2013 will be done in accordance with the CONSORT 2010 checklist utilizing RCT to evaluate the feasibility of daily home based exercise interventions before undertaking a larger RCT to treat stable BCRL in women. Title and Abstract The article (Jeffs Wiseman, 2013) under consideration clearly states the research study conducted as the randomized controlled trial in the name of the title itself. Further in the structured abstract portion, the research design, methodology adopted, important findings and relevant conclusions that can be extrapolated from the results have been mentioned in a comprehensive manner. Introduction Background and Objectives Breast cancer have thwarted the lives of a large proportion of women worldwide and reports of the chronic condition of lymphoedema in the breast cancer survivors following treatment have been found to negatively impact their quality of living to a great extent and the number is surging. Evidence based studies pertinent to breast cancer related lymphoedema (BCRL) have highlighted on the symptoms, diagnosis, reduction of risks and management strategy to tackle this debilitating problem (Fu, 2014). Evidences contraindicates that manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) is not suitable for preventing or managing BCRL (Huang et al., 2013). Other studies have provided alternative, superior and cost-effective tool such as measurement of tissue dielectric constant (TDC) to estimate the changes in the water content of the tissues thereby acting as an indicator of early onset of BCRL (Haen, 2012). Upper body resistance exercises have borne positive implications for cancer survivors with BCRL fostering improved physical functionality and overall health status in some studies (Cormie et al., 2013). Similar findings support the view that high intensity resistance exercise training (RET) has the potential to influence the muscular strength in the breast cancer survivors with BCRL (Nelson, 2016). Thus, the efficacy of the proposed exercise regime as a treatment modality to tackle BCRL in the chosen article can be very well corroborated with other studies of similar kind. The primary objective set up by the investigators emphasizes in differentiating the declined levels of the excess limb volume (ELV) among both the studied groups, with the control group subjected to only self care phase and the interventional group experiencing self care in addition to daily home-based exercise program. In this context, the findings from relevant research may be cited which states that prescription for and adherence to BCRL self care techniques are not optimized but variable for the breast cancer survivors (Brown et al., 2014). The secondary objectives in the given study accounted for vital considerations concerning the impacts of the exercise in quality of life, range of movement (ROM) of the shoulder and operation of the arms associated to BCRL. Recent investigations have also thrown light upon these paraphernalia of BCRL, determining the changes in arm volume following sessions of low and heavy load resistance exercise and prepare prescription guidelines according ly (Bloomquist, 2016). Therefore, the projected objectives in the given study offer scope for further probe into the matter. Methods Trial Design RCT in the chosen study aimed to generate reproducible, authentic results by virtue of eliminating the selection bias. The pilot mode of experiment predicted the feasibility of the research undertaken in terms of time, cost, and adverse consequences if any. Study utilizing the therapeutic effects of Yogic interventions to manage BCRL have also adopted randomized controlled pilot for their research work (Loudon et al., 2014). Hence, the choice of the trial design is found to be appropriate. Participants Careful examination of the medical records for the BCRL patients identified 532 patients to be suitable. The inclusion criterion was the BCRL in unilateral arm with stable swelling for at least 3 months and 10% ELV. Exclusion criteria included previous history for bilateral breast cancer treatment, factors contributing to alteration in limb volumes and documented non-conformity with agreed self care practices. Abiding by the criteria 85 was found to be suitable and invitation along with the Patient information sheet was sent to these potential candidates seeking their approval to participate in the study. Out of the 85, 39 consented to participate. Thereafter by means of rigorous telephonic screening and screening appointments, a handful of 23 participants were finally chosen to be included. 11 out of 23 formed the interventional group, while the remaining 12 comprised the control group. Thus, selection of the subjects was carried out in a stepwise methodical fashion minimizing the negative factors as far as practicable. Interventions The interventional strategy improvised and implemented was in accordance with the standard guidelines and protocols followed to ensure MLD. The exercise recommended for the interventional group (IG) was an amalgamation of breathing, hand pumping as well as gravity resistive isotonic arm exercises. The IG participants were trained and instructed to do the prescribed exercises through demonstrations and necessary follow up was conducted at every encounter to allay any sort of apprehension. Thus the interventions were completely justified. Outcomes As per the predefined primary and secondary measurement outcomes, the measurements and estimations were undertaken. Clinical measurements comprised limb volume assessment through standard optoelectric device, weight and height to calculate the body mass index (BMI), range of movement of the shoulder during each visit in the study tenure at weeks 0, 4, 12 and 26. Functional status and self study report regarding the quality of life (QOL) of the participants were procured as well from relevant questionnaire. Sample Size The population of 23 respondents adds to the sample size in the givens study. All 23 participants out of the originally screened 532 records expressed their willingness to volunteer in the study and fulfilled all the inclusion criteria to be eligible. No breach of participation or any sort of interim analysis was applicable in this particular studied case that favored the reliability of the research. Randomisation Subjects were randomly assigned by virtue of applying sequentially numbered sealed envelopes to either CG or IG. Randomisation was conducted in blocks of six and eight in order to justify the balanced nature of allocation for the respective groups in case the recruitment was not sufficient. Allocation concealment mechanism Allocation of groups was carried out in blocks of six and eight through sequentially numbered sealed envelopes as a measure to maintain balance if subject recruitment was inadequate. Implementation The random allocation scheme was conceptualized by the researchers themselves to suit their research setting. Participants were enrolled under the supervision of two nurses specializing in lymphoedema treatment, three experienced physiotherapists to treat BCRL and two patient users. The interventional approaches and the familiarization trials for all concerned were moderated under the trained care of these healthcare professionals. Blinding In the chosen study, the researcher was blinded to the allocation process and the resulting interventional outcomes. The probability of the ensuing bias and flaws are thus checked due to such blinding on the part of the researcher. Statistical Methods All the statistical analysis was done through the SPSS version 19 software packages setting the level of significance at p0.05. To maintain homogeneity baseline data were evaluated. Distribution of data was noted with the help of histogram as well as calculation encompassing 95% of the population and the non-normal distributed data were presented as median, lower quartile and upper quartile. Non-parametric tests were adopted and for median calculation 95% confidence interval (CI) was considered. Results Participant flow The Figure 1 of the article provided necessary information related to the number of participants allocated to each of the groups of IG and CG, the subjects undergoing approved intended treatments with the outcomes briefed clearly in due course of the weekly follow up trials. Training procedures and the clinical assessment knowledge is also represented diagrammatically in the Figure 1. Recruitment The given study extended for 6 months with the follow up regime fixed for both the IG and CG participants to be at the end of 4th, 12th and 26th weeks. Baseline data for all the participants irrespective of their groups was noted at week 0. For the IG only, exercise technique and sequence followed was monitored at every week of follow up. The outcome variables were constantly assessed in every week for both the groups. Baseline Data Baseline data comprising the demographic and clinical characteristics for each of the participating groups are depicted in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. However, at the week 0 level of the baseline data, no significant differences among the parameters measured were observed for both the CG and IG. Demographic information includes age, ethnicity, occupation in which the participant is involved and the type of work accustomed to. Clinical parameters encompass a wide range of variables from basic height, weight data to data concerning various treatment modalities and experience encountered due to BCRL (Kwan, 2016). Numbers analyzed The number of participants for each of the two analyses carried in case of week 12 and 26 when compared to week 0 varied as depicted in Table 3 and Table 4 of the studied article. In Table 3, the number of total participants is 23 only with 11 belonging to IG and 12 comprising CG. Contrarily, In Table 4, total participants are 22 with the IG having 10 and CG accounting for 12 subjects. One data in case of Table 4 was omitted on the ground of deviating hugely from the mean value, thus posing as an outlier. The final data analysis was thus based upon data retrieved from Table 4 and the implications of such exclusion reflected on the calculated values of the results through the statistical tools. Outcomes and estimation The changes in swollen limb volume over the 6 months data period have been reported as the primary change outcomes. Decline in absolute volume and relative volume has been recorded as a negative value and the increase as positive amount. The Wilcoxon signed rank test exposed significant reduction in terms of relative ELV at week 12 for both the IG and CG. However at week 26, similar investigation for both the groups revealed no statistical significance (p0.05). Exclusion of the ID6 data due to overriding revealed significant difference at week 26 for both groups, although Mann Whitney test provided no statistical significance among the two groups regarding relative ELV change. Further intriguing into the secondary objectives brought to the forefront no significant improvements in the QOL or ROM. The report of the insignificant improvement in the functioning and neurological symptoms as perceived by the IG during week 12 was not continued till week 26 although they reported of having less severe pain in the forearms. Thus, the effects as indicated in the 95% CI is of relevance to extrapolate the findings and the values obtained through proper statistical analysis to a larger fraction of the population in real life (DiSipio, 2013, Dominick, 2013). Discussion Limitations The chosen article was found to have certain limitations, the prime being the sample size considered for the study. The less number of participants taking part in the study stands on the way of concretely defining the positive implications of such effects. Chances of bias due to less sample size remains that cannot be undone with and serve as an obstacle to extrapolate the results to future studies and research. Exclusion of one of the participants data due to overriding effect may also account for omitting and overlooking some vital underpinning that might have contributed to the desired result. Generalisability The hypothesis as opined in the pilot RCT study has the scope of being carried forwarded and to be utilized in the population context. The idea and concept of the chosen study can then only achieve far reaching consequences and harbor positive outcomes to provide respite patients with similar clinical conditions. Interpretation The pivotal theme of the research considers the positive outcomes due to exercise interventions for the BCRL patients. The findings corroborate with other relevant studies as well that suggest exercise as mode of treatment modality to remedy BCRL (Singh, 2015, Cormie, 2015, Bloomquist, 2014, Singh, 2016, Chang, 2013). Exercise regime for cure of BCRL should essentially comprise of resistance exercise in conjunction with compression therapy and surgical interventions wherever applicable. Practically, evidence based practice is vital to nursing profession to encourage better patient outcomes in patients through following of suitable treatment modalities. Thus researches contribute to provision of necessary information regarding particular clinical condition as in the articles case of BCRL, to favor the evidence based practice in real life cases. References: Bloomquist, K., Hayes, S., Adamsen, L., Mller, T., Christensen, K. B., Ejlertsen, B., Oturai, P. (2016). A randomized cross-over trial to detect differences in arm volume after low-and heavy-load resistance exercise among patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer at risk for arm lymphedema: study protocol. BMC cancer, 16(1), 517. Bloomquist, K., Karlsmark, T., Christensen, K. B., Adamsen, L. (2014). Heavy resistance training and lymphedema: Prevalence of breast cancer-related lymphedema in participants of an exercise intervention utilizing heavy load resistance training. Acta Oncologica, 53(2), 216-225. Brown, J. C., Cheville, A. L., Tchou, J. C., Harris, S. R., Schmitz, K. H. (2014). Prescription and adherence to lymphedema self-care modalities among women with breast cancer-related lymphedema. Supportive Care in Cancer, 22(1), 135-143. Chang, C. J., Cormier, J. N. (2013). Lymphedema interventions: exercise, surgery, and compression devices. In Seminars in oncology nursing (Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 28-40). WB Saunders. Cormie, P., Pumpa, K., Galvo, D. A., Turner, E., Spry, N., Saunders, C., Newton, R. U. (2013). Is it safe and efficacious for women with lymphedema secondary to breast cancer to lift heavy weights during exercise: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 7(3), 413-424. Cormie, P., Singh, B., Hayes, S., Peake, J. M., Galvo, D. A., Taaffe, D. R., Newton, R. U. (2015). Acute Inflammatory Response to Low-, Moderate-, and High-Load Resistance Exercise in Women With Breast CancerRelated Lymphedema. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 1534735415617283. DiSipio, T., Rye, S., Newman, B., Hayes, S. (2013). Incidence of unilateral arm lymphoedema after breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The lancet oncology, 14(6), 500-515. Dominick, S. A., Madlensky, L., Natarajan, L., Pierce, J. P. (2013). Risk factors associated with breast cancer-related lymphedema in the WHEL Study. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 7(1), 115-123. Fu, M. (2014). Breast cancer-related lymphedema. World Journal of Clinical Oncology, 5(3), 241-247. Haen, R. (2012). Breast cancer related lymphedema (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford). Huang, T. W., Tseng, S. H., Lin, C. C., Bai, C. H., Chen, C. S., Hung, C. S., Tam, K. W. (2013). Effects of manual lymphatic drainage on breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World journal of surgical oncology, 11(1), 1. Jeffs, E., Wiseman, T. (2013). Randomised controlled trial to determine the benefit of daily home-based exercise in addition to self-care in the management of breast cancer-related lymphoedema: a feasibility study.Supportive Care in Cancer,21(4), 1013-1023. Kwan, M. L., Yao, S., Lee, V. S., Roh, J. M., Zhu, Q., Ergas, I. J., Ambrosone, C. B. (2016). Race/ethnicity, genetic ancestry, and breast cancer-related lymphedema in the Pathways Study. Breast cancer research and treatment, 159(1), 119-129. Loudon, A., Barnett, T., Piller, N., Immink, M. A., Williams, A. D. (2014). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Yoga management of breast cancer-related lymphoedema: a randomised controlled pilot. Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society, 20(3), 215-217. Nelson, N. L. (2016). Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema and Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review. Journal of strength and conditioning research/National Strength Conditioning Association. Singh, B., Disipio, T., Peake, J., Hayes, S. C. (2016). Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Exercise for Those With Cancer-Related Lymphedema. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 97(2), 302-315. Singh, B., Newton, R. U., Cormie, P., Galvao, D. A., Cornish, B., Reul-Hirche, H., Hayes, S. C. (2015). Effects of compression on lymphedema during resistance exercise in women with breast cancer-related lymphedema: a randomized, cross-over trial. Lymphology, 48(2), 80-92.

Sample Assumptions Essay on Accounting - A Plan To Be An Accountant

Sample Assumptions Essay on Accounting - A Plan To Be An AccountantA sample assumptions essay on accounting should include several topics that relate to your experiences as an accountant. This can range from general information about accounting, to what has happened to you as an accountant or what you hope to do in the future.These basic topics can include salary, tips for becoming an accountant, tips for your clients, and other general topics. The samples have been prepared so that you can do these items yourself. Once you have them all written down and ready to use, take a look at your assumptions and make sure that all of them are accurate.This is just like a high school economics class where students study things like supply and demand, price change, and how prices are manipulated. These are the same things that you need to learn in order to be an accountant, so you may want to review your assumptions again before you give it to your teacher.Once you are sure that everything in y our essay is correct, go ahead and write a simple introduction to your topic. Make sure that you include what you expect readers to know, so that they can follow the next few paragraphs to learn more.By writing this introductory paragraph, you are letting the average reader know that you have knowledge about the topic that you are presenting. It will help the reader to absorb what you have to say and start to learn more. It also makes it easy for them to access your sample assumptions essay on accounting for reference.Another thing to include in your sample is a short but detailed explanation of each item. For example, if you are writing a study guide on accounting, you can include the average number of hours you spent doing your internship, or what kind of grade you received in your math class, and other items that relate to your college experience. These are all important pieces of information for your reader to look up so that they can remember what they already know.If you are w riting a long article, you can include a conclusion at the end that addresses the main ideas presented in the rest of the article. Just make sure that it provides a detailed explanation of everything that was said in the essay.With these sample assumptions essays on accounting, you will be well on your way to being an accountant. These sample assumptions will help you start your way to becoming a successful student of accounting.

School Vouchers The Wrong Choice Essays - Education Economics

School Vouchers: The Wrong Choice School Vouchers: The Wrong Choice Susie is a young girl who lives in Florida. Since kindergarten, she has attended a nearby private school. Her parents willingly pay her tuition, even though doing so forces them to cut other corners. They do not mind these sacrifices, since they know that their daughter is getting the best education they can give her. Jesse lives downtown, in the inner city. She attends the local public school and struggles through her classes. Her mother would like to send her to a private school, where there is less violence and a calmer atmosphere, but cannot afford it. Then, Jesses mother learns that a voucher system has put into place for the entire state of Florida. Jesses inner city, spray-painted elementary school received a failing status, so she can receive a voucher to attend the school of her choice. With the money she receives from the voucher, Jesses mother is able to send her daughter to the same private school that Susie attends. Is it fair that Susies parents pinch pennies while Jesses mother send her on the bus for free? While meaning well, does the voucher system inadvertently discriminate against children like Susie whose parents must work extra hours to put their children through private school? Is the voucher system really the answer to the problems with American education today, or a way to transfer them somewhere else? American public schools have always had their flaws. In the nineteenth century, colleges complained of under-prepared freshmen; students who could not write an essay or even spell. A main controversy was bilingual education for newly naturalized immigrants. As America entered the early 1900s, the debate turned to the use of entertainment in the classroom. Teachers felt that they must put on a show in order to keep the attention of their pupils. The abandonment of phonics in the 1920s and 30s was believed to be the reason why the job market consisted of those with inadequate educational preparation. Social promotion and the replacement of the three Rs with emotional stability and attitude courses were the causes of concern in the 1940s. The 1950s brought an awareness of low standards. It was found that American children were lagging behind the average standards of the rest of the world. Safety in schools also became an issue; incoming teachers were warned of the physical courage neces sary to teach. Illiteracy became the main focus on the 1960s and 70s. Phonics (or the lack thereof) was once again to blame (Rothstein 2). Now, at the beginning of a new century, what problems have been fixed? Illiteracy is still high, American standards are still low, and graduates are still unprepared. Each generation feels that schools are worse than the generation before. America has been attempting to solve the problems with its education system for 200 years, but nothing has changed. According to Rothstein: Schools are not up to the task of readying young people for the challenges of the next century. An apparently watered down curriculum ensures that all students, regardless of whether they have mastered necessary skills, can graduate. Social promotion without requirements to master grade-appropriate skills is now commonplace, so even elite colleges must run remedial courses for freshmen in basic math and literacy, and business executives complain that high school graduates are ill-prepared for even relatively unskilled jobs (2). Are these complaints not the same ones that appeared a century ago? Improvement is desperately needed, but where should it start? Cleveland, Milwaukee, and the state of Florida have suggested an answer: a school voucher system. Voucher proponents believe that the system which they support is a starting place. Voucher proponents across the nation believe that through this program, which places the burden of improvement upon schools, progress can be made. The voucher system recently implemented in Florida is built around competition. The public schools have standards which they must uphold. Each year the state gives each school a letter grade which rates that schools ability to keep the given standards. If the school receives an F, it stands to lose a great deal of its student body because of vouchers. This failing grade qualifies the children enrolled in the school to participate in the

buy custom Law Enforcement Technology essay

buy custom Law Enforcement Technology essay According to Reichert, the contribution of technology in the last two decades has majorly been attributed to development in both the computer and communication technologies. The law enforcement has not been left out either. Reichert (2001) notes that the department has since 1990s involved itself in carrying out various researches while also trainings its staff in the relevant computer knowledge. Technology has enabled the department to improve the way it transmits data. Most significant, is the attractive and user friendly graphic interface. These advancements have greatly increased the capacity of the department in collecting, storing, analyzing and sharing of the data within and across relevant departments. However, such technological advancements have not come without challenges to the law enforcement agencies. John and Champion (2007) also noted that technologies have as well been used by the law breakers to coordinate their illegal activities. This write up looks at the advancement in law enforcement technology over the years and their impact in law enforcement. Positive Contributions of Technology to Law Enforcement For any meaningful achievement in the work of the law enforcement department there must be a medium which could help increase cooperation between communities and the police. Mitchell (2002) denotes that prevention of crime is the responsibility of both the police and the community. The law enforcement department has today taken advantage of the prevalent use of the social network, the internet and state of the art communication technology. This has greatly helped bridge the communication between the police and the community (Mitchell, 2002). According to John Champion (2007), crime prevention is a multidimensional undertaking. It engages different groups starting with the police, members of the society, the law courts and the correction facilities. However, in order to prevent crime from occurring, there is a need to stop it at its source. According to Mitchell (2002), the best way of minimizng incidences of crime, is by developing a system that easily identifies and reports criminal activities. This requires an excellent law enforcement technology that would enable easier collection, storage, analysis and sharing of information relating to crime. Reichert (2001) identifies two aspects of police work in which technology has played a significant contribution. These are crime mapping and information sharing. Over the past decade, the use of computers to map crime has continuously increased. According to Reichert (2001), this phenomenon is attributable to the developments in geo-information systems (GIS) and improvements in theoretical analysis and investigation of crime. Reportedly, a combination of GIS and mapping software in computers has significantly increased capacity to extract and analyze data. This technology has widely been used because of its ease in implementation and efficiency in data analysis. Reichert (2001) noted that technologies have also allowed the concerned individuals within the law enforcement echelon to share the gathered information by other enforcement officers. This has been possible through a pull of information called a database resulting from the created networks and internetworks that connect all law enforcement officers within the given described region. According to Reichert (2001), technology has allowed a fully integrated system with careful planning, and coordination among the concerned law enforcement agencies. With advancement in technology, the challenge of information security is quickly being addressed. Technology has presently ensured optimum security of the stored information as it makes it easy for the law enforcement agencies to control access and consistently manipulate the stored data. Ratchet (2001), notes that presently the department has developed a system in which access rights to the shared resource are defined based on seniority among the officers and urgency of cases tackled. He added that most law enforcement technologies have also provided a window through which members of the public can provide input relating to crime or suspects. Examples of the Technologies in Use Mitchell (2002) denotes that there are plentiful of such systems of law enforcement used globally to sponsor police work. In my view, the most outstanding system is one currently used by the Chicago Police Department (CPD). Reichert (2001) explains that, the CPD developed a computer based system called CLEAR which stands for Citizen and Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting CPD. The program has helped in tapping the information technology to guide in more effective management of different sectors. It has also helped reinforce the community partnerships while also enhancing the sharing of information with other criminal justice and agencies (Reichert, 2001). Apart from this technology there has also been the public Video Surveillance which has widely been used as an effective crime prevention tool. It involves the use of CCTV to capture every action taking place within a give range of distance. The technology has been installed in various towns and cities across the globe to help in crime prevention. Technology Related Challenges In spite of the benefits it has afforded law enforcement officers, technology still poses significant challenges in their line of work. There are several technology related crimes which have posed great challenges to the law enforcement department because of their faster rate of advancement. The operations of criminal organizations like those dealing with drug trafficking have also been enhanced through the very technology. Though several attempts have been made to find solutions to such problems, there have been major draw backs emanating from issues relating to privacy, harassment by the established autocracies, security concerns and the overall cost of implementation. Conclusion In conclusion, though it has come with its costs, the proper use of law enforcement technologies has gradually increased capacity and effectiveness of combating crime. Buy custom Law Enforcement Technology essay

Unit 18 Advertising and Promotions - Level 4 Advertising and Assignment

Unit 18 Advertising and Promotions - Level 4 Advertising and Promotions - Nandos Loyalty Card HND Business - Assignment Example One of the firms that have undertaken extensive communication strategies to attract more customers is Nando’s. The section below discusses the communication process and how the communication process relates to the Nando’s advertisement process. As indicated by transmission model that was developed by Shannon and Weaver (1949), communication process consists of six major steps. The first one is the formulation of the idea in the mind of the sender. During this stage, an individual who want to send the message, comes up with something that he or she want to relate to another person. The second step is encoding the message. This implies that putting the information in a language that suits the recipient. For example, the sender who wishes to send a message to a child must encode it differently from that of professional colleague. The third step is transmitting the message. This involves using various avenues such as speaking, writing or using emails among others. The fourth step is receiving the message that has been sent by the sender. As a receiver, one should read or listen to the message. The fifth stage is decoding the message. This entails processing the message in such a way that it makes sense to the receiver. The six th stage according to the transmission model is understanding the message (Barnlund, 2008). It is worth to note that a message may be sent, read or listened to but understanding the message is the most paramount thing. In the Nando’s advertising process, communication process has been effectively utilised. For example, before the launching of Nando’s Loyalty Card, the firm came up with the communication idea that depicted the use of a card that cannot be used in libraries, night clubs or coffee shops but only in Nando’s. Similarly, the business has used various channels of communicating with

Organizational Impact Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Impact Paper - Assignment Example These techniques are necessary for the transition and modifications to the firm’s strategy meant to give competitive advantage, meeting and surpassing the expectation of the customers and ultimately existence. Ordinarily, organization normally belongs to one sector that comprises a given industry whereby it is either manufacturer or service. This study seed to examine innovation, design and creativity impacts as well as describes how each firm’s strategy, processes, products and services have been affected by these techniques. Apple for manufacturing and Verizon wireless for service is the organizations chosen for evaluation. Innovation merely encompasses coming up with merchandise meant to ensure complete of clientele’s desires or wants whereby they may be either new or just slight modification (Harvard Business Review 2009). Mostly, it is also encompasses creating new method, process or idea meant to alter the making process of a certain product already in existence and has been transformed or reinvented with intention of augmenting demand through better service. Strategy refers to how a given firm obtain the end it seeks to achieve. Process is learning and planning strategy for developing new ideas. Product is the results of goods through manufacturing or a service (Stamm, 2003). There are two categories of innovation including product and process innovation, Examples are Apple’s development of iPod, iphone, and ipad during 2000s, Verizon’s innovation of 2G, 3G, and 4G. Process innovation encompasses enhancement of new process meant for making products and delivering them to respe ctive clients. Examples include Verizon that altered know-how for live TV broadcast to some cell phone; Apple developed its own independent surveys in order to track its major market divisions around the world. As defined in (Jones & Hill, 2012) product innovation create value by creating new